There is growing evidence that anthropogenic landscapes can strongly influence the evolution of dispersal, particularly through fragmentation, and may drive organisms into an evolutionary trap by suppressing dispersal. However, the influence on dispersal evolution of anthropogenic variation in habitat patch turnover has so far been largely overlooked. In this study, we examined how human‐driven variation in patch persistence affects dispersal rates and distances, determines dispersal‐related phenotypic specialization, and drives neutral genetic structure in spatially structured populations. We addressed this issue in an amphibian, Bombina variegata, using an integrative approach combining capture–recapture modeling, demographic simulation, common garden experiments, and population genetics. B. variegata reproduces in small ponds that occur either in habitat patches that are persistent (i.e., several decades or more), located in riverine environments with negligible human activity, or in patches that are highly temporary (i.e., a few years), created by logging operations in intensively harvested woodland. Our capture–recapture models revealed that natal and breeding dispersal rates and distances were drastically higher in spatially structured populations (SSPs) in logging environments than in riverine SSPs. Population simulations additionally showed that dispersal costs and benefits drive the fate of logging SSPs, which cannot persist without dispersal. The common garden experiments revealed that toadlets reared in laboratory conditions have morphological and behavioral specialization that depends on their habitat of origin. Toadlets from logging SSPs were found to have higher boldness and exploration propensity than those from riverine SSPs, indicating transgenerationally transmitted dispersal syndromes. We also found contrasting patterns of neutral genetic diversity and gene flow in riverine and logging SSPs, with genetic diversity and effective population size considerably higher in logging than in riverine SSPs. In parallel, intrapatch inbreeding and relatedness levels were lower in logging SSPs. Controlling for the effect of genetic drift and landscape connectivity, gene flow was found to be higher in logging than in riverine SSPs. Taken together, these results indicate that anthropogenic variation in habitat patch turnover may have an effect at least as important as landscape fragmentation on dispersal evolution and the long‐term viability and genetic structure of wild populations.

中文翻译：

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人为干扰导致两栖动物种群传播综合症，人口统计学和基因流动

越来越多的证据表明，人为景观可以极大地影响扩散的发展，特别是通过破碎，并且可以通过抑制扩散将有机体带入进化陷阱。然而，迄今为止，人们对生境斑块周转量中人为变异的扩散演变的影响一直被忽略。在本研究中，我们研究了人为驱动的斑块持久性变化如何影响扩散速率和距离，确定与扩散有关的表型特化以及如何驱动空间结构种群的中性遗传结构。我们在两栖动物Bombina variegata中使用整合捕获-捕获模型，人口模拟，常见花园实验和种群遗传学的综合方法解决了这个问题。百日草在小池塘中繁殖，这些小池塘要么在人类活动可忽略的河流环境中持续存在（即几十年或更长时间）的栖息地斑块中，要么在伐木作业产生的高度临时性（即几年）的斑块中繁殖在密集采伐的林地中。我们的捕获-捕获模型显示，伐木环境中的空间结构种群（SSP）的出生和繁殖扩散率和距离大大高于河流SSP。人口模拟还表明，分散成本和收益驱动了采伐SSP的命运，如果不进行分散就无法持久。常见的花园实验表明，在实验室条件下饲养的蟾蜍的形态和行为专长取决于其栖息地。发现来自伐木SSP的蟾蜍比来自河流SSP的蟾蜍具有更大的勇气和勘探倾向，表明跨代传播的传播综合症。我们还发现河流和伐木SSP中中性遗传多样性和基因流动的对比模式，伐木中的遗传多样性和有效种群规模明显高于河流SSP。同时，测井SSP的圈内近亲繁殖和相关性水平较低。控制遗传漂移和景观连通性的影响，发现伐木中的基因流比河流SSP中的高。在一起