The 1,4-α-glucan branching enzymes (GBEs) are ubiquitously distributed in animals, microorganisms and plants. These enzymes modify the structure of both starch and glycogen; changing the frequency and position of branches by forming new α-1,6-glucosidic linkages. In organisms, controlling the number and distribution of branches is an irreplaceable process that maintains the physiological state of starch and glycogen in the cell. The process is also the foundation for the industrial applications of GBEs. So far, a number of GBEs have been identified in eukaryotes and prokaryotes as researchers searched for GBEs with optimal properties. Among them, bacterial GBEs have received particular attention due to the convenience of heterologous expression and industrial applications of GBEs from bacteria than GBEs from other sources. The advantages of bacterial GBEs in potential applications stimulated the investigations of bacterial GBEs in terms of their structure and properties. However, full exploitation of GBEs in commercial applications is still in its infancy because of the disadvantages of currently available enzymes and of limited imagination with respect to future possibilities. Thus, in this review, we present an overview of the bacterial GBEs including their structure, biochemical properties and commercial applications in order to depict the whole picture of bacterial GBEs.

中文翻译：

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细菌1,4-α-葡聚糖分支酶：特性，制备方法和商业应用。

1,4-α-葡聚糖分支酶（GBE）普遍分布在动物，微生物和植物中。这些酶改变淀粉和糖原的结构。通过形成新的α-1,6-糖苷键改变分支的频率和位置。在生物体中，控制分支的数量和分布是不可替代的过程，可维持细胞中淀粉和糖原的生理状态。该过程也是GBE工业应用的基础。到目前为止，随着研究人员寻找具有最佳特性的GBE，在真核生物和原核生物中已经鉴定出许多GBE。其中，细菌GBE比异源表达的方便性和来自其他来源的GBE的工业应用引起了人们的特别关注。细菌GBE在潜在应用中的优势刺激了细菌GBE的结构和性质方面的研究。然而，由于目前可用的酶的缺点以及关于未来可能性的有限的想象力，在商业应用中对GBE的全面开发仍处于起步阶段。因此，在这篇综述中，我们将概述细菌GBE，包括它们的结构，生化特性和商业应用，以描绘细菌GBE的整体情况。由于目前可获得的酶的缺点以及对未来可能性的有限想象力，在商业应用中对GBE的全面开发仍处于起步阶段。因此，在本综述中，我们将概述细菌GBE，包括其结构，生化特性和商业应用，以描绘细菌GBE的整体情况。由于目前可获得的酶的缺点以及对未来可能性的有限想象力，在商业应用中对GBE的全面开发仍处于起步阶段。因此，在本综述中，我们将概述细菌GBE，包括其结构，生化特性和商业应用，以描绘细菌GBE的整体情况。