BACKGROUND Women make up an increasing proportion of the physician workforce in anaesthesia, but they are consistently under-represented in leadership and governance. METHODS We performed an internet-based survey to investigate career opportunities in leadership and research amongst anaesthesiologists. We also explored gender bias attributable to workplace attitudes and economic factors. The survey instrument was piloted, translated into seven languages, and uploaded to the SurveyMonkey® platform. We aimed to collect between 7800 and 13 700 responses from at least 100 countries. Participant consent and ethical approval were obtained. A quantitative analysis was done with χ2 and Cramer's V as a measure of strength of associations. We used an inductive approach and a thematic content analysis for qualitative data on current barriers to leadership and research. RESULTS The 11 746 respondents, 51.3% women and 48.7% men, represented 148 countries; 35 respondents identified their gender as non-binary. Women were less driven to achieve leadership positions (P<0.001; Cramer's V: 0.11). Being a woman was reported as a disadvantage for leadership and research (P<0.001 for both; Cramer's V: 0.47 and 0.34, respectively). Women were also more likely to be mistreated in the workplace (odds ratio: 10.6; 95% confidence interval: 9.4-11.9; P<0.001), most commonly by surgeons. Several personal, departmental, institutional, and societal barriers in leadership and research were identified, and strategies to overcome them were suggested. Lower-income countries were associated with a significantly smaller gender gap (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Whilst certain trends suggest improvements in the workplace, barriers to promotion of women in key leadership and research positions continue within anaesthesiology internationally.

中文翻译：

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在部门领导，研究机会和临床工作态度方面对性别平等的看法：对11 781名麻醉师的国际调查。

背景技术在麻醉中，女性在医师工作人员中所占的比例越来越高，但是在领导和治理中，她们的代表性始终不足。方法我们进行了一项基于互联网的调查，以调查麻醉学家在领导和研究中的职业机会。我们还探讨了归因于工作场所态度和经济因素的性别偏见。该调查仪器经过了试点，被翻译成七种语言，并上传到SurveyMonkey®平台。我们的目标是收集至少100个国家/地区的7800到13700个回复。获得了参与者的同意和道德上的认可。使用χ2和Cramer的V作为关联强度的量度进行了定量分析。我们使用归纳法和主题内容分析法来获取有关当前领导和研究障碍的定性数据。结果11 746名被调查者，代表148个国家的51.3％的女性和48.7％的男性。35位受访者认为他们的性别为非二进制。妇女担任领导职务的动力较小（P <0.001； Cramer的V：0.11）。据报告，妇女是领导和研究的不利因素（两者均P <0.001；克拉默V：分别为0.47和0.34）。妇女在工作场所遭受虐待的可能性也更大（几率：10.6； 95％置信区间：9.4-11.9； P <0.001），最常见的是外科医生。确定了领导和研究中的几个个人，部门，机构和社会障碍，并提出了克服这些障碍的策略。低收入国家的性别差距明显较小（P <0.001）。结论尽管某些趋势表明工作场所已有改善，但在国际麻醉学领域内，提升妇女担任关键领导职务和研究职位的障碍仍然存在。