Abstract The capabilities of soft x-ray absorption (XAS), soft x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering (RIXS), and their application to characterization of solar energy materials are presented. We have discussed some recent developments of in-situ soft x-ray spectroscopy cells, which enable the investigation of critical solid/liquid or solid/gas interfaces in chemical and electrochemical processes under real-world practical conditions. In particular, in-situ soft x-ray spectroscopies can be utilized to probe the formation of intermediate species, charge separation upon illumination of sunlight and electron transfer to the interfacial reactions. A number of examples using soft x-ray spectroscopies to study these solar energy and catalytic materials are discussed to demonstrate how these powerful characterization tools could be helpful to further understand the energy conversion and energy storage systems.

中文翻译：

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能量和催化材料的原位/操作软 X 射线光谱表征

摘要 介绍了软 x 射线吸收 (XAS)、软 x 射线发射光谱 (XES)、共振非弹性软 x 射线散射 (RIXS) 的能力及其在表征太阳能材料中的应用。我们已经讨论了原位软 X 射线光谱仪的一些最新发展，它们能够在现实世界的实际条件下研究化学和电化学过程中的关键固/液或固/气界面。特别是，原位软 X 射线光谱可用于探测中间物种的形成、阳光照射时的电荷分离和电子转移到界面反应。