Actin is one of the most abundant and essential intracellular proteins that mediates nearly every form of cellular movement and underlies such key processes as embryogenesis, tissue integrity, cell division and contractility of all types of muscle and non-muscle cells. In mammals, actin is represented by six isoforms, which are encoded by different genes but produce proteins that are 95-99 % identical to each other. The six actin genes have vastly different functions in vivo, and the small amino acid differences between the proteins they encode are rigorously maintained through evolution, but the underlying differences behind this distinction, as well as the importance of specific amino acid sequences for each actin isoform, are not well understood. This review summarizes different levels of actin isoform-specific regulation in cellular and developmental processes, starting with the nuclear actin's role in transcription, and covering the gene-level, mRNA-level, and protein-level regulation, with a special focus on mammalian actins in non-muscle cells.

中文翻译：

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肌动蛋白同工型在细胞和发育过程中的调控。

肌动蛋白是最丰富和必不可少的细胞内蛋白之一，可介导几乎所有形式的细胞运动，并且是所有类型的肌肉和非肌肉细胞的胚胎发生，组织完整性，细胞分裂和收缩等关键过程的基础。在哺乳动物中，肌动蛋白由六个同工型代表，它们由不同的基因编码，但产生的蛋白质彼此具有95-99％的同一性。这六个肌动蛋白基因在体内具有完全不同的功能，并且它们的编码蛋白之间的微小氨基酸差异通过进化得以严格保持，但是这种区别背后的潜在差异以及每种肌动蛋白同工型的特定氨基酸序列的重要性，还不太了解。