A multitude of diverse microorganisms, termed the microbiota, reside in the gut, respiratory tract, skin, and genital tract of humans and other animals. Recent advances in metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatics have enabled detailed characterization of these vital microbial communities. Studies in animal models have uncovered vital previously unrecognized roles for the microbiota in normal function of the immune responses, and when perturbed, in the pathogenesis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs, but also at distant sites in the body including the brain. The composition of gut and respiratory microbiota can influence systemic inflammatory responses that mediate asthma, allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity-related diseases, and neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative conditions. Experiments in mouse models as well as emerging clinical studies have revealed that therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota, using fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, or engineered probiotics represent effective nontoxic approaches for the treatment or prevention of Clostridium difficile infection, allergy, and autoimmune diseases and may enhance the efficacy of certain cancer immunotherapeutics. This review discusses how commensal bacteria can influence immune responses that mediate a range of human diseases and how the microbiota are being targeted to treat these diseases, especially those resistant to pharmacological therapies.

中文翻译：

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微生物群和免疫介导的疾病：治疗干预的机会。

人类和其他动物的肠道，呼吸道，皮肤和生殖道中存在着多种多样的微生物，称为微生物群。宏基因组测序和生物信息学的最新进展使这些重要微生物群落的详细表征成为可能。动物模型研究揭示了微生物群在免疫反应正常功能中以及在受到扰动时在胃肠道和肺部疾病的发病机理中以及在包括大脑在内的身体较远部位中至关重要的，以前未被认识的重要作用。肠道和呼吸菌群的组成可以影响介导哮喘，过敏，炎症性肠病，肥胖相关疾病以及神经发育或神经退行性疾病的全身炎症反应。小鼠模型实验以及新兴的临床研究表明，使用粪便微生物群移植，益生菌或工程化益生菌对微生物群进行治疗性操作，是治疗或预防艰难梭菌感染，变态反应和自身免疫性疾病的有效无毒方法，并且可能增强某些癌症免疫疗法的功效。这篇综述讨论了共生细菌如何影响介导一系列人类疾病的免疫反应，以及如何将微生物群靶向治疗这些疾病，尤其是那些对药理疗法有抵抗力的疾病。益生菌或工程益生菌代表了用于治疗或预防艰难梭菌感染，变态反应和自身免疫性疾病的有效无毒方法，并且可能会增强某些癌症免疫疗法的功效。这篇综述讨论了共生细菌如何影响介导一系列人类疾病的免疫反应，以及如何将微生物群靶向治疗这些疾病，尤其是那些对药理疗法有抵抗力的疾病。益生菌或工程益生菌代表了用于治疗或预防艰难梭菌感染，变态反应和自身免疫性疾病的有效无毒方法，并且可能会增强某些癌症免疫疗法的功效。这篇综述讨论了共生细菌如何影响介导一系列人类疾病的免疫反应，以及如何将微生物群靶向治疗这些疾病，尤其是那些对药理疗法有抵抗力的疾病。