BACKGROUND Preliminary data suggest that the urinary microbiome may play a role in bladder cancer. Information regarding the most suitable method of collecting urine specimens is needed for the large population studies needed to address this. To compare microbiome metrics resulting from 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing between midstream, voided specimens and those obtained at cystoscopy. METHODS Adults, with a history of superficial urothelial cell carcinoma (non-muscle invasive bladder cancer) being followed with periodic surveillance cystoscopy had a urine sample collected by a mid-stream, voided technique and then from the bladder at cystoscopy. Urine samples underwent 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. RESULTS 22 subjects (8 female, 14 male) were included. There was no significant difference in beta diversity (diversity between samples) in all samples between collection methods. However, analysis by sex revealed a difference between voided and cystoscopy samples from the same individual in males (p = 0.006, Adonis test) but not in females (p = 0.317, Adonis test). No differences were seen by collection method in any alpha diversity (diversity within a sample) measurement or differential abundance of taxa. CONCLUSIONS Beta diversity of the urine microbiome did differ by collection method for males only. This suggests that the urinary microbiomes of the two collection methods are not equivalent to each other, at least in males, which is the sex that bladder cancer occurs most frequently in. Therefore, the same collection method within a given study should be used.

中文翻译：

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研究浅表性膀胱癌中的尿液微生物组：通过中段排尿与膀胱镜检查获得的样品。

背景技术初步数据表明，尿微生物组可能在膀胱癌中起作用。解决此问题所需的大量人群研究需要有关最合适的收集尿液标本方法的信息。为了比较中游，作废标本和膀胱镜检查所获得标本之间的16S核糖体RNA基因测序结果所产生的微生物组指标。方法对有浅表尿路上皮细胞癌（非肌肉浸润性膀胱癌）病史并定期进行膀胱镜检查的成年人，采用中流，排空技术收集尿液样本，然后在膀胱镜检查时从膀胱中收集尿样。尿液样品在Illumina MiSeq平台上进行了16S核糖体RNA基因测序。结果纳入22名受试者（8名女性，14名男性）。在收集方法之间的所有样品中，β多样性（样品之间的多样性）没有显着差异。但是，按性别进行的分析显示，同一个人的排尿和膀胱镜检查样本之间存在差异（男性（p = 0.006，Adonis测试），女性没有差异（p = 0.317，Adonis测试）。收集方法在任何alpha多样性（样本中的多样性）测量或分类单元的丰度差异中均未发现差异。结论尿微生物组的β多样性仅通过男性收集方法有所不同。这表明这两种收集方法的尿微生物组彼此之间并不相同，至少在男性中是不同的，这是膀胱癌最常发生的性别。因此，在给定的研究中应使用相同的收集方法。