The aim of this study is to green-synthesize gold nanoparticles (GNPs) by leaf infusion of Achillea wilhelmsii (AW) and to evaluate their biological effects. The synthesized AW-GNPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering analyses. The antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities of AW infusion and AW-GNPs were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl test. Moreover, the electrochemical activity of AW-GNPs as a modifier at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was studied. The surface plasmon resonance absorption band at 540 nm in the UV–Vis spectrum discloses the reduction of gold cations into GNPs. The XRD pattern of GNPs shows the crystal structure of AW-GNPs, and TEM image displays the spherical shape of GNPs with small size (2.7–38.7 nm). The AW infusion and AW-GNPs demonstrated a maximum antioxidant activity of 68 and 58%, respectively. AW-GNPs showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria, without affecting gram-negative bacteria. Also, AW-GNPs exhibited the cytotoxicity effects against MDA-MB-468 cancer cell line, and the electrochemical study indicated a significant electrocatalytic activity of AW-GNPs. The results indicate the advantages of using AW leaf infusion for the production of GNPs with antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and electrocatalytic activities.

中文翻译：

---

Achillea wilhelmsii 叶浸液中金纳米粒子的绿色合成和结构表征及体外评价

本研究的目的是通过叶子浸渍 Achillea wilhelmsii (AW) 绿色合成金纳米粒子 (GNP) 并评估其生物学效应。合成的 AW-GNP 通过紫外-可见光谱、傅里叶变换红外、X 射线衍射 (XRD)、透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 和动态光散射分析进行表征。评价了 AW 输注和 AW-GNPs 的抗菌和细胞毒性活性。通过1，1-二苯基-2-苦基肼试验评价抗氧化活性。此外，还研究了 AW-GNP 在玻碳电极 (GCE) 上作为改性剂的电化学活性。UV-Vis 光谱中 540 nm 处的表面等离子体共振吸收带揭示了金阳离子还原为 GNP。GNPs的XRD图显示了AW-GNPs的晶体结构，TEM 图像显示了小尺寸（2.7-38.7 nm）GNP 的球形。AW 输注和 AW-GNPs 的最大抗氧化活性分别为 68% 和 58%。AW-GNPs 对革兰氏阳性菌显示出抗菌活性，而不影响革兰氏阴性菌。此外，AW-GNPs 对 MDA-MB-468 癌细胞系具有细胞毒性作用，电化学研究表明 AW-GNPs 具有显着的电催化活性。结果表明，使用 AW 叶浸液生产具有抗菌、抗氧化、细胞毒性和电催化活性的 GNP 具有优势。不影响革兰氏阴性菌。此外，AW-GNPs 对 MDA-MB-468 癌细胞系具有细胞毒性作用，电化学研究表明 AW-GNPs 具有显着的电催化活性。结果表明，使用 AW 叶浸液生产具有抗菌、抗氧化、细胞毒性和电催化活性的 GNP 具有优势。不影响革兰氏阴性菌。此外，AW-GNPs 对 MDA-MB-468 癌细胞系具有细胞毒性作用，电化学研究表明 AW-GNPs 具有显着的电催化活性。结果表明，使用 AW 叶浸液生产具有抗菌、抗氧化、细胞毒性和电催化活性的 GNP 具有优势。