Chitin and chitosan are natural amino polysaccharides that have exceptional biocompatibility in a wide range of applications such as drug delivery carriers, antibacterial agents and food stabilizers. However, conventional chemical extraction methods of chitin from marine waste are costly and hazardous to the environment. Here we report a study where shrimp waste was co-fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum ATCC 14917 and Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis ATCC 6051 and chitin was successfully extracted after deproteinization and demineralization of the prawn shells. The glucose supplementation for fermentation was replaced by waste substrates to reduce cost and maximize waste utilization. A total of 10 carbon sources were explored, namely sugarcane molasses, light corn syrup, red grape pomace, white grape pomace, apple peel, pineapple peel and core, potato peel, mango peel, banana peel and sweet potato peel. The extracted chitin was chemically characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to measure the degree of acetylation, elemental analysis (EA) to measure the carbon/nitrogen ratio and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to measure the degree of crystallinity. A comparison of the quality of the crude extracted chitin was made between the different waste substrates used for fermentation and the experimental results showed that the waste substrates generally make a suitable replacement for glucose in the fermentation process. Red grape pomace resulted in recovery of chitin with a degree of deacetylation of 72.90%, a carbon/nitrogen ratio of 6.85 and a degree of crystallinity of 95.54%. These achieved values were found to be comparable with and even surpassed commercial chitin.

中文翻译：

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使用水果废物流中的糖从海鲜废物中微生物提取甲壳质。

几丁质和壳聚糖是天然氨基多糖，在广泛的应用中具有优异的生物相容性，例如药物输送载体，抗菌剂和食品稳定剂。然而，从海洋废物中常规的几丁质化学提取方法成本高且对环境有害。在这里，我们报告了一项研究，其中虾废料与植物乳杆菌亚种共发酵。车前草ATCC 14917和枯草芽孢杆菌亚种。虾壳脱蛋白和脱矿质后，成功提取了枯草杆菌ATCC 6051和几丁质。用于发酵的葡萄糖补充剂被废料替代，以降低成本并最大程度地利用废料。总共探索了10种碳源，分别是甘蔗糖蜜，轻质玉米糖浆，红葡萄果渣，白葡萄果渣，苹果皮，菠萝皮和核心，土豆皮，芒果皮，香蕉皮和地瓜皮。提取的几丁质通过傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）进行化学表征，以测量乙酰化程度，元素分析（EA）进行碳/氮比测量，X射线衍射（XRD）进行结晶度测量。比较了用于发酵的不同废物底物的粗提取几丁质的质量，实验结果表明，废物底物通常可以在发酵过程中替代葡萄糖。红葡萄果渣可回收几丁质，脱乙酰度为72.90％，碳/氮比为6.85，结晶度为95.54％。