Liver cancers, majority of which are primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), continue to be on the rise in the world. Furthermore, due to the lack of effective treatments, liver cancer ranks the 4^th most common cause of male cancer deaths. Novel therapies are urgently needed. Over the last few years, immunotherapies, especially the checkpoint blockades and adoptive cell therapies of engineered T cells, have demonstrated a great potential for treating malignant tumors including HCC. In this review, we summarize the current ongoing research of antigen-specific immunotherapies including cancer vaccines and adoptive cell therapies for HCC. We briefly discuss the HCC cancer vaccine and then focus on the antigen-specific T cells genetically engineered with the T cell receptor genes (TCRTs) and the chimeric antigen receptor genes (CARTs). We first review the current options of TCRTs and CARTs immunotherapies for HCC, and then analyze the factors and parameters that may help to improve the design of TCRTs and CARTs to enhance their antitumor efficacy and safety. Our goals are to render readers a panoramic view of the current stand of HCC immunotherapies and provide some strategies to design better TCRTs and CARTs to achieve more effective and durable antitumor effects.

肝癌，其中大多数是原发性肝细胞癌（HCC），在世界范围内继续呈上升趋势。此外，由于缺乏有效的治疗方法，肝癌居4^日男性癌症死亡的最常见原因。迫切需要新颖的疗法。在过去的几年中，免疫疗法，尤其是工程化T细胞的检查点封锁和过继细胞疗法，已显示出治疗包括HCC在内的恶性肿瘤的巨大潜力。在这篇综述中，我们总结了目前正在进行的抗原特异性免疫疗法的研究，包括针对HCC的癌症疫苗和过继性细胞疗法。我们简要讨论了HCC癌症疫苗，然后重点介绍了用T细胞受体基因（TCRT）和嵌合抗原受体基因（CART）基因工程改造的抗原特异性T细胞。我们首先回顾一下HCC的TCRT和CARTs免疫疗法的当前选择，然后分析可能有助于改善TCRT和CARTs设计以增强其抗肿瘤功效和安全性的因素和参数。我们的目标是使读者全面了解HCC免疫疗法的现状，并提供一些策略来设计更好的TCRT和CART，以实现更有效，更持久的抗肿瘤作用。