BACKGROUND Small-sided soccer games (SSSG) are a specific exercise regime with two small teams playing against each other on a relatively small pitch. There is evidence from original research that SSSG exposure provides performance and health benefits for untrained adults. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to summarize recent evidence on the acute and long-term effects of SSSG on physical fitness, physiological responses, and health indices in healthy untrained individuals and clinical populations. METHODS This systematic literature search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus) from inception until June 2019. The following key terms (and synonyms searched for by the MeSH database) were included and combined using the operators "AND", "OR", "NOT": ((soccer OR football) AND ("soccer training" OR "football training" OR "soccer game*" OR "small-sided soccer game*") AND ("physical fitness" OR "physiological adaptation*" OR "physiological response*" OR health OR "body weight" OR "body mass" OR "body fat" OR "bone composition" OR "blood pressure")). The search syntax initially identified 1145 records. After screening for titles, abstracts, and full texts, 41 studies remained that examined the acute (7 studies) and long-term effects (34 studies) of SSSG-based training on physical fitness, physiological responses, and selected alth indices in healthy untrained individuals and clinical populations. RESULTS No training-related injuries were reported in the 41 acute and long-term SSSG studies. Typically, a single session of SSSG lasted 12-20 min (e.g., 3 × 4 min with 3 min rest or 5 × 4 min with 4 min rest) involving 4-12 players (2 vs. 2 to 6 vs. 6) at an intensity ≥ 80% of HRmax. Following single SSSG session, high cardiovascular and metabolic demands were observed. Specifically, based on the outcomes, the seven acute studies reported average heart rates (HR) ≥ 80% of HRmax (165-175 bpm) and mean blood lactate concentrations exceeding 5 mmol/l (4.5-5.9 mmol/l) after single SSSG sessions. Based on the results of 34 studies (20 with healthy untrained, 10 with unhealthy individuals, and 4 with individuals with obesity), SSSG training lasted between 12 and 16 weeks and was performed 2-3 times per week. SSSG had positive long-term effects on physical fitness (e.g., Yo-Yo IR1 performance), physiological responses including maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) [+ 7 to 16%], and many health-related markers such as blood pressure (reductions in systolic [- 7.5%] and diastolic [- 10.3%] blood pressure), body composition (decreased fat mass [- 2 to - 5%]), and improved indices of bone health (bone mineral density: [+ 5 to 13%]; bone mineral content: [+ 4 to 5%]), and metabolic (LDL-cholesterol [- 15%] as well as cardiac function (left-ventricular internal diastolic diameter [+ 8%], end diastolic volume [+ 21%], left-ventricular mass index [+ 18%], and left-ventricular ejection fraction [+ 8%]). Irrespective of age or sex, these health benefits were observed in both, untrained individuals and clinical populations. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, findings from this systematic review suggest that acute SSSG may elicit high cardiovascular and metabolic demands in untrained healthy adults and clinical populations. Moreover, this type of exercise is safe with positive long-term effects on physical fitness and health indices. Future studies are needed examining the long-term effects on physical fitness and physiological adaptations of different types of SSSG training (e.g., 3 vs. 3; 6 vs. 6) in comparison to continuous or interval training in different cohorts.

中文翻译：

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小型足球比赛对未经训练的个人和临床人群的身体素质，生理反应和健康指标的影响：系统评价。

背景技术小型足球比赛（SSSG）是一种特定的运动方式，其中两个小团队以相对较小的间距相互对抗。原始研究表明，SSSG暴露可为未经训练的成年人提供性能和健康益处。目的本系统综述的目的是总结关于SSSG对未经训练的健康个体和临床人群的身体适应性，生理反应和健康指数的急性和长期影响的最新证据。方法从开始到2019年6月，在四个电子数据库（PubMed，Web of Science，SPORTDiscus）中进行了系统的文献检索。包括以下关键术语（以及由MeSH数据库检索的同义词），并使用运算符“ AND”进行组合， “或不”：（（（足球或足球）和（“足球训练”或“足球训练”或“足球比赛*”或“小型足球比赛*”）和（“身体健康”或“生理适应性”或“生理反应*” “或健康或“体重”或“体重”或“身体脂肪”或“骨骼成分”或“血压”））。搜索语法最初标识了1145条记录。在筛选标题，摘要和全文后，剩下41项研究检查了基于SSSG的健康未经训练的身体适应性，生理反应和某些Alth指数训练的急性（7项研究）和长期影响（34项研究）。个人和临床人群。结果41例急性和长期SSSG研究中未报告与训练有关的伤害。通常，SSSG的单个会话持续12-20分钟（例如，3分钟休息3分钟的4分钟或4分钟休息5分钟的4分钟），涉及4-12名玩家（2比2到6比6）。强度≥HRmax的80％。单次SSSG疗程后，观察到较高的心血管和代谢需求。具体而言，根据结果，七项急性研究报告了单次SSSG后平均心率（HR）≥HRmax（165-175 bpm）的80％和平均血液乳酸浓度超过5 mmol / l（4.5-5.9 mmol / l）会议。根据34项研究的结果（20例未经健康训练的人，10例不健康的人和4例肥胖的人），SSSG训练持续了12至16周，每周进行2-3次。这项系统评价的结果表明，急性SSSG可能在未经训练的健康成年人和临床人群中引起较高的心血管和代谢需求。此外，这种运动是安全的，对身体健康和健康指标具有长期的积极影响。与不同群组的连续或间歇训练相比，需要进一步的研究来检查不同类型的SSSG训练对身体健康和生理适应的长期影响（例如3 vs. 3； 6 vs. 6）。