Abstract Front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labels are designed to help consumers evaluate the healthiness of foods and to promote healthier food choices. In this study, an online experiment with Swiss consumers (N = 1313) was conducted to compare the effects of different nutrition label formats on consumers’ evaluations of snack food healthiness. Participants were asked to select the healthier option in 105 pairwise comparisons of 15 salty snacks. The participants were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: the FOP presented with (1) the nutrition facts table, (2) the multiple traffic light (MTL), (3) the Nutri-Score, (4) the Nutri-Score on half of the products, or (5) no nutrition information (control). The consumers’ evaluations of the snacks’ healthiness were fairly accurate, even without being given nutrition information on the packaging. The Nutri-Score led to the greatest accuracy in identifying the healthier of two snacks (when using the British FSA/Ofcom nutrient profiling score to determine product healthiness); however, this had only a minimal effect on the evaluation when only some of the products were labelled. Both FOP labels were superior to the FOP with and without the nutrition facts. This indicates that for maximum effectiveness, the labelling of all available products is needed. The perceived usefulness and public support of mandatory implementation were higher for the MTL than for the Nutri-Score label; however, for the latter, perceived usefulness and public acceptance were higher among the participants who became familiar with the label during the experiment than among those who did not.

中文翻译：

---

Nutri-Score、多个红绿灯和食品包装上的不完整营养标签：影响消费者识别更健康零食选择的准确性

摘要 包装正面 (FOP) 营养标签旨在帮助消费者评估食品的健康状况并促进更健康的食品选择。在这项研究中，对瑞士消费者（N = 1313）进行了一项在线实验，以比较不同营养标签格式对消费者对休闲食品健康评价的影响。参与者被要求在 15 种咸味零食的 105 对比较中选择更健康的选项。参与者被随机分配到五个条件之一：FOP 提供 (1) 营养成分表，(2) 多红绿灯 (MTL)，(3) Nutri-Score，(4) Nutri-Score on一半的产品，或 (5) 没有营养信息（对照）。即使没有在包装上提供营养信息，消费者对零食健康的评价也相当准确。Nutri-Score 在确定两种零食中哪一种更健康方面的准确性最高（当使用英国 FSA/Ofcom 营养分析评分来确定产品健康性时）；然而，当只有部分产品贴有标签时，这对评估的影响很小。两种 FOP 标签都优于含有和不含营养成分的 FOP。这表明为了获得最大效果，需要对所有可用产品进行标记。MTL 的强制性实施的感知有用性和公众支持高于 Nutri-Score 标签；然而，对于后者，在实验过程中熟悉标签的参与者的感知有用性和公众接受度高于不熟悉标签的参与者。