Abstract This study is the first to perform a chemical characterization and source contribution of particulate matter (PM10) occurring through the abandonment and reopening of a historical sulphide mine. This long-range analysis covers the period 2009–2017 in the Riotinto mining district (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Southwestern Spain), which is a mining district of world-class importance. This mine represents a susceptible anthropogenic emission source of toxic sulphide-associated elements in atmospheric particulate matter, which affects the air quality of the nearby areas. A total of 567 samples of 24 h were collected from 2009 to 2017 in a rural station. The filters were analysed to determine Organic and elemental carbon, mayor and trace elements, and water soluble compounds of PM10. The trends of PM10 and geochemical characterization were studied considering the following periods: mine abandonment (2009–2014) and the mine's state during (2015–2016) and after (2017) implementation of new emission abatement technology at this mine. The results revealed relatively high concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Sb, and Bi during 2015–2016. A reduction of 42–59% was observed after 2017 for the same elements in PM10. Five sources were identified: regional, mining, aged sea salt, combustion + traffic and crustal, using positive matrix factorization model (PMF5). The contribution of the mining factor was higher in the reopening period (4.2 μg m−3, 16%). These results have been confirmed by As speciation analysis, in which the low extraction percentage obtained is related to the origin of the metalloids associated with sulphide ores. The reduction of emissions of atmospheric particulate matter in the mining processes is the main objective in the implementation of measures considering the technological progress for cleaner and sustainable mining. In the case of reopening of historical mines, with low ore grade and greater extraction of ore and rock, a major effort must be made in order to avoid a negative influence on the environment and human health.

中文翻译：

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2009-2017 年西班牙西南部具有传奇色彩的 Riotinto 矿区 PM10 的趋势

摘要 本研究首次对历史硫化物矿的废弃和重新开放过程中产生的颗粒物 (PM10) 进行化学表征和来源贡献。这项长期分析涵盖了 Riotinto 矿区（西班牙西南部伊比利亚黄铁矿带）的 2009 年至 2017 年期间，该矿区是具有世界级重要性的矿区。该矿是大气颗粒物中有毒硫化物相关元素的易受人为排放源，影响附近地区的空气质量。2009-2017年在农村站共采集24 h样本567个。对过滤器进行分析，以确定 PM10 的有机碳和元素碳、微量元素和微量元素以及水溶性化合物。PM10 的趋势和地球化学特征的研究考虑了以下时期：矿山废弃（2009-2014 年）和该矿山实施新减排技术期间（2015-2016 年）和之后（2017 年）的矿山状态。结果表明，2015-2016 年期间铜、锌、铅、砷、锑和铋的浓度相对较高。2017 年之后，PM10 中相同元素的含量减少了 42-59%。使用正矩阵分解模型 (PMF5) 确定了五个来源：区域、采矿、老化海盐、燃烧 + 交通和地壳。重新开放期间采矿因素的贡献更高（4.2 μg m-3，16%）。这些结果已通过 As 形态分析证实，其中获得的低提取百分比与与硫化矿相关的准金属的来源有关。考虑到清洁和可持续采矿的技术进步，减少采矿过程中大气颗粒物的排放是实施措施的主要目标。在旧矿重新开工的情况下，矿石品位低，矿石和岩石的开采量更大，必须做出重大努力，以避免对环境和人类健康产生负面影响。