Abstract This review focuses on current research attempts to develop nano-enhanced polymeric desalination membranes. The novel contribution made by this work as compared to many recent reviews on membrane enhancement is that a critical review is made of the effect that the morphological, optical and magnetic properties of the applied nanomaterials have on the efficiency of desalination membranes. The focus on nanomaterials in this review is on both applying new chemical compositions at various concentrations, and also on altering the nanomaterials' morphology and other properties to reach the optimal membrane efficiency for desalination applications. The synthesis route has a major role of tuning the physical and chemical properties of the nanomaterials, and hence, the membrane morphological parameters can be altered, all of which are summarised in this review. The review surveys different types of nanomaterials used for membrane fabrication, such as single elements, metal oxides and nanotubes. Furthermore, mixed oxide composites and polymer/nanomaterial combinations are also considered for membrane enhancement. A wide application range is investigated for modified membranes in pressure and osmotically driven membrane processes for desalination, including reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, osmotically assisted reverse osmosis and pressure assisted forward osmosis.

中文翻译：

---

压力和渗透驱动的膜过程：用于海水淡化的纳米增强膜的益处和生产回顾

摘要 本综述侧重于当前开发纳米增强聚合物海水淡化膜的研究尝试。与最近关于膜增强的许多评论相比，这项工作做出的新贡献是对应用纳米材料的形态、光学和磁性特性对脱盐膜效率的影响进行了批判性审查。本综述中对纳米材料的重点是应用不同浓度的新化学成分，以及改变纳米材料的形态和其他特性，以达到海水淡化应用的最佳膜效率。合成路线在调节纳米材料的物理和化学性质方面起着主要作用，因此可以改变膜的形态参数，所有这些都在本次审查中进行了总结。该评论调查了用于膜制造的不同类型的纳米材料，例如单一元素、金属氧化物和纳米管。此外，混合氧化物复合材料和聚合物/纳米材料组合也被考虑用于膜增强。研究了改性膜在用于脱盐的压力和渗透驱动膜工艺中的广泛应用，包括反渗透、正渗透、渗透辅助反渗透和压力辅助正渗透。