Abstract Internal combustion engines are among the main sources of soot particles, especially when non-homogeneous and high fuel-air ratio conditions are achieved in the combustion chamber (both diesel and direct injection spark ignition engines). Environmental regulations for the road transportation limit the number and mass of particles significantly, making the use of diesel and gasoline particle filters -DPF, GPF- essential for trapping and burning off, or regenerating, the soot. The tendency of soot to be burnt is called oxidative reactivity, which depends on the combined effect of all its properties and characteristics. The reactivity of soot particles was considered a detrimental characteristic in the past, prompting atmospheric reactions that form more harmful pollutants or lubricant oil degradation. However, some beneficial effects of this characteristic are now acknowledged, such as reducing the number of active filter regeneration events, and thus fuel consumption, driver annoyance and filter thermal stress. This review summarizes the results of soot characterization by applying different analysis techniques. These techniques have been categorized in structural, chemical and thermal, depending on the type of soot property they look into. Structural techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, analyze the defects in the graphitic nanostructure, or describe the bulk patterns of the graphitic nanostructure (X-ray diffraction spectrometry) or the porous microstructure (physisorption or chemisorption). Also, microscopic techniques provide valuable information about the visible nano- and microstructure. Chemical techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, or magnetic nuclear resonance describe the chemical oxidizing state, mainly on the soot surface. Other techniques, such as thermogravimetry and differential calorimetry directly analyze the thermal or mass response of soot under a hot and oxidizing environment. Finally, soot is oxidized in particulate filters during active or passive-active regeneration processes depending on its structural and chemical characteristics. These characteristics have been found to be associated with both engine conditions (mainly engine load) and type of fuel (with preferential effect of oxygenated fuels). However, it has been demonstrated that different soot characteristics may contribute to opposite trends in reactivity, and therefore, a partial analysis of soot characteristics may lead to incorrect conclusions.

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烟尘反应性分析及对柴油滤清器再生的影响

摘要 内燃机是碳烟颗粒的主要来源之一，尤其是在燃烧室（柴油和直喷火花点火发动机）中达到非均质和高燃料空气比条件时。道路运输的环境法规极大地限制了颗粒的数量和质量，因此使用柴油和汽油颗粒过滤器 -DPF、GPF-对于捕获和燃烧或再生烟灰至关重要。煤烟燃烧的趋势称为氧化反应性，这取决于其所有性质和特性的综合作用。过去，烟灰颗粒的反应性被认为是一种有害特性，会促使大气反应形成更有害的污染物或润滑油降解。然而，该特性的一些有益效果现已得到认可，例如减少主动过滤器再生事件的数量，从而减少燃料消耗、驾驶员烦恼和过滤器热应力。本综述通过应用不同的分析技术总结了烟尘表征的结果。这些技术根据他们研究的烟尘性质的类型，分为结构、化学和热学。结构技术，如拉曼光谱和电子能量损失光谱，分析石墨纳米结构中的缺陷，或描述石墨纳米结构（X 射线衍射光谱）或多孔微结构（物理吸附或化学吸附）的体图。此外，显微技术提供了有关可见纳米和微观结构的宝贵信息。化学技术，如傅里叶变换红外光谱、能量色散光谱、X 射线光电子能谱、近边 X 射线吸收精细结构光谱或核磁共振描述了化学氧化状态，主要是在烟尘表面。其他技术，例如热重法和差热法，可以直接分析热氧化环境下烟尘的热响应或质量响应。最后，碳烟在主动或被动-主动再生过程中在微粒过滤器中被氧化，具体取决于其结构和化学特性。已发现这些特性与发动机条件（主要是发动机负载）和燃料类型（具有含氧燃料的优先作用）相关。然而，