Most organisms adapt to the 24-h cycle of the Earth's rotation by anticipating the time of the day through light-dark cycles. The internal time-keeping system of the circadian clocks has been developed to ensure this anticipation. The circadian system governs the rhythmicity of nearly all physiological and behavioral processes in mammals. In this review, we summarize current knowledge stemming from rodent and human studies on the tight interconnection between the circadian system and metabolism in the body. In particular, we highlight recent advances emphasizing the roles of the peripheral clocks located in the metabolic organs in regulating glucose, lipid, and protein homeostasis at the organismal and cellular levels. Experimental disruption of circadian system in rodents is associated with various metabolic disturbance phenotypes. Similarly, perturbation of the clockwork in humans is linked to the development of metabolic diseases. We discuss recent studies that reveal roles of the circadian system in the temporal coordination of metabolism under physiological conditions and in the development of human pathologies.

中文翻译：

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昼夜节律使新陈代谢运行。

大多数生物通过光暗循环来预测一天中的时间，从而适应地球自转的24小时循环。已开发了生物钟的内部计时系统来确保这种预期。昼夜节律系统控制着哺乳动物几乎所有生理和行为过程的节律。在这篇综述中，我们总结了来自啮齿动物和人体研究的最新知识，这些研究涉及昼夜节律系统与体内新陈代谢之间的紧密联系。特别是，我们着重强调了最新进展，强调了位于代谢器官中的外围时钟在机体和细胞水平上调节葡萄糖，脂质和蛋白质稳态的作用。啮齿动物昼夜节律系统的实验破坏与各种代谢紊乱表型有关。同样，人类发条的扰动与代谢性疾病的发展有关。我们讨论了最近的研究，揭示了生理系统在生理条件下新陈代谢的时间协调性以及人类病理学发展中的昼夜节律系统的作用。