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Emotional expressions in human and non-human great apes.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews ( IF 7.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-25 , DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.027
Mariska E Kret 1 , Eliska Prochazkova 1 , Elisabeth H M Sterck 2 , Zanna Clay 3
Affiliation  

Humans and great apes are highly social species, and encounter conspecifics throughout their daily lives. During social interactions, they exchange information about their emotional states via expressions through different modalities including the face, body and voice. In this regard, their capacity to express emotions, intentionally or unintentionally, is crucial for them to successfully navigate their social worlds and to bond with group members. Darwin (1872) stressed similarities in how humans and other animals express their emotions, particularly with the great apes. Here, we show that emotional expressions have many conserved, yet also a number of divergent features. Some theorists consider emotional expressions as direct expressions of internal states, implying that they are involuntary, cannot be controlled and are inherently honest. Others see them as more intentional and/ or as indicators of the actor's future behavior. After reviewing the human and ape literature, we establish an integrative, evolutionary perspective and provide evidence showing that these different viewpoints are not mutually exclusive. Recent insights indicate that, in both apes and humans, some emotional expressions can be controlled or regulated voluntarily, including in the presence of audiences, suggesting modulation by cognitive processes. However, even non-intentional expressions such as pupil dilation can nevertheless inform others and influence future behavior. In sum, while showing deep evolutionary homologies across closely related species, emotional expressions show relevant species variation.

中文翻译:

人类和非人类类人猿的情感表达。

人类和类人猿是高度社会化的物种,在日常生活中会遇到同类。在社交互动中,他们通过面部、身体和声音等不同形式的表情来交换有关其情绪状态的信息。在这方面,他们有意或无意地表达情感的能力对于他们成功驾驭社交世界并与团体成员建立联系至关重要。Darwin (1872) 强调了人类和其他动物表达情感的方式的相似性,特别是与类人猿。在这里,我们表明情感表达有许多保守的,但也有许多不同的特征。一些理论家认为情绪表达是内部状态的直接表达,暗示它们是非自愿的、无法控制的并且本质上是诚实的。其他人则将它们视为更有意的和/或作为参与者未来行为的指标。在回顾了人类和猿类文献后,我们建立了一个综合的、进化的观点,并提供证据表明这些不同的观点并不相互排斥。最近的见解表明,在类人猿和人类中,一些情绪表达可以被自愿控制或调节,包括在观众面前,这表明认知过程的调制。然而,即使是非故意的表达,例如瞳孔放大,仍然可以通知他人并影响未来的行为。总而言之,虽然在密切相关的物种之间表现出深刻的进化同源性,但情感表达显示出相关物种的变异。在回顾了人类和猿类文献后,我们建立了一个综合的、进化的观点,并提供证据表明这些不同的观点并不相互排斥。最近的见解表明,在类人猿和人类中,一些情绪表达可以被自愿控制或调节,包括在观众面前,这表明认知过程的调制。然而,即使是非故意的表达,例如瞳孔放大,仍然可以通知他人并影响未来的行为。总而言之,虽然在密切相关的物种之间表现出深刻的进化同源性,但情感表达显示出相关物种的变异。在回顾了人类和猿类文献后,我们建立了一个综合的、进化的观点,并提供证据表明这些不同的观点并不相互排斥。最近的见解表明,在类人猿和人类中,一些情绪表达可以被自愿控制或调节,包括在观众面前,这表明认知过程的调制。然而,即使是非故意的表达,例如瞳孔放大,仍然可以通知他人并影响未来的行为。总而言之,虽然在密切相关的物种之间表现出深刻的进化同源性,但情感表达显示出相关物种的变异。最近的见解表明,在类人猿和人类中,一些情绪表达可以被自愿控制或调节,包括在观众面前,这表明认知过程的调制。然而,即使是非故意的表达,例如瞳孔放大,仍然可以通知他人并影响未来的行为。总而言之,虽然在密切相关的物种之间表现出深刻的进化同源性,但情感表达显示出相关物种的变异。最近的见解表明,在类人猿和人类中,一些情绪表达可以被自愿控制或调节,包括在观众面前,这表明认知过程的调制。然而,即使是非故意的表达,例如瞳孔扩张,仍然可以通知他人并影响未来的行为。总而言之,虽然在密切相关的物种之间表现出深刻的进化同源性,但情感表达显示出相关物种的变异。
更新日期:2020-01-25
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