Evidence is emerging that environmental exposure to bisphenol S (BPS), a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), to humans and wildlife is on the rise. However, research on the neurobehavioral effects of this endocrine disruptive chemical is still in its infancy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPS on recognition memory and its mechanism(s) of action, especially focusing on the glutamatergic/ERK/CREB pathway in the brain. Adult female zebrafish were exposed to the vehicle, 17β-estradiol (E2, 1 μg/L), or BPS (1, 10 and 30 μg/L) for 120 days. Fish were then tested in the object recognition (OR), object placement (OP), and social recognition tasks (SR). Chronic exposure to E2 and 1 μg/L of BPS improved fish performance in OP task. This was associated with an up-regulation in the mRNA expression of several subtypes of metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors, an increase in the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and CREB, and an elevated transcript abundance of several immediate early genes involved in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. In contrast, the exposure to 10 and 30 μg/L of BPS attenuated fish performance in all recognition memory tasks. The impairment of these memory functions was associated with a marked down-regulation in the expression and activity of genes and proteins involved in glutamatergic/ERK/CREB signaling cascade. Collectively, our study demonstrated that the long-term exposure to BPS elicits hermetic effects on the recognition memory in zebrafish. Furthermore, the effect of BPS on the recognition memory seems to be mediated by the glutamatergic/ERK/CREB signaling pathway.

中文翻译：

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长期暴露于环境相关浓度的双酚S差异影响成年雌性斑马鱼的认知行为。

越来越多的证据表明，人类和野生生物对双酚S（BPA）的替代品双酚S（BPA）的环境暴露正在增加。然而，关于这种内分泌破坏性化学物质的神经行为作用的研究仍处于起步阶段。在这项研究中，我们旨在研究长期暴露于环境相关浓度的BPS对识别记忆及其作用机制的影响，尤其是关注大脑中的谷氨酸能/ ERK / CREB途径。成年雌性斑马鱼暴露于媒介物17β-雌二醇（E2，1μg/ L）或BPS（1、10和30μg/ L）120天。然后在对象识别（OR），对象放置（OP）和社交识别任务（SR）中对鱼进行了测试。长期暴露于E2和1μg/ L的BPS可以改善OP作业中鱼类的性能。这与几种代谢型和离子型谷氨酸受体亚型的mRNA表达上调，ERK1 / 2和CREB的磷酸化水平升高以及涉及突触可塑性和抗氧化剂的几个即刻早期基因的转录丰度升高有关。记忆形成。相反，在所有识别记忆任务中，暴露于10和30μg/ L的BPS会削弱鱼类的生长性能。这些记忆功能的损害与谷氨酸能/ ERK / CREB信号级联反应所涉及的基因和蛋白质的表达和活性的显着下调有关。总的来说，我们的研究表明，长期暴露于BPS会对斑马鱼的识别记忆产生密封作用。此外，