Early detection and effective treatment are crucial to reduce the physical, emotional, and financial pressure exerted by growing cancer burden on individuals, families, communities, and health systems. Currently, it is clear that the accurate analysis of emerging cancer epigenetic and metastatic-related biomarkers at different molecular levels is envisaged as an exceptional solution for early and reliable diagnosis and the improvement of therapy efficiency through personalized treatments. Within this field, electrochemical biosensing has demonstrated to be competitive over other emerging and currently used methodologies for the determination of these biomarkers accomplishing the premises of user-friendly, multiplexing ability, simplicity, reduced costs and decentralized analysis, demanded by clinical oncology, thus priming electrochemical biosensors to spark a diagnostic revolution for cancer prediction and eradication. This review article critically discusses the main characteristics, opportunities and versatility exhibited by electrochemical biosensing, through highlighting representative examples published during the last two years, for the reliable determination of these emerging biomarkers, with great diagnostic, predictive and prognostic potential. Special attention is paid on electrochemical affinity biosensors developed for the single or multiplexed determination of methylation events, non-coding RNAs, ctDNA features and metastasis-related protein biomarkers both in liquid and solid biopsies of cancer patients. The main challenges to which further work must be addressed and the impact of these advances should have in the clinical acceptance of these emerging biomarkers are also discussed which decisively will contribute to understand the molecular basis involved in the epigenetics and metastasis of cancer and to apply more efficient personalized therapies.

中文翻译：

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电化学生物传感在癌症表观遗传学和转移方面取得进展：综述

早期发现和有效治疗对于减轻日益增加的癌症负担给个人、家庭、社区和卫生系统带来的身体、情感和经济压力至关重要。目前，很明显，在不同分子水平上对新兴癌症表观遗传和转移相关生物标志物的准确分析被视为早期可靠诊断和通过个性化治疗提高治疗效率的特殊解决方案。在该领域内，电化学生物传感已被证明比其他新兴和目前使用的确定这些生物标志物的方法更具竞争力，实现了临床肿瘤学要求的用户友好、多路复用能力、简单、成本降低和分散分析的前提，从而启动电化学生物传感器，引发癌症预测和根除的诊断革命。这篇综述文章批判性地讨论了电化学生物传感所展示的主要特征、机会和多功能性，通过强调过去两年发表的代表性例子，以可靠地确定这些具有巨大诊断、预测和预后潜力的新兴生物标志物。特别关注开发的电化学亲和生物传感器，用于在癌症患者的液体和固体活检中单一或多重测定甲基化事件、非编码 RNA、ctDNA 特征和转移相关蛋白生物标志物。