The development of "green" alternatives to chemical pesticides could play a crucial role in integrated pest management (IPM). Their use is considered either as a substitution for or in addition to hazardous synthetic products. We analysed the influence of three concentrations of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) essential oil (EO), previously characterised by GC-MS, on the survival and moulting of the 2nd instar and the nutritional indices of the 4th instar gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) larvae. In a residual contact toxicity assessment, the exposure to tansy EO caused low mortality (< 10%) while larval development was significantly slowed down, i.e., the percentage of larvae that moulted into the 3rd instar was reduced. On the other hand, when tansy EO was incorporated into the diet (digestive toxicity assay), high mortality and a lack of moulting after 120 h of eating were recorded for the highest applied concentration of EO. During 48 h of feeding on EO-supplemented food at concentrations of 0.5 and 1% (v/v), the relative growth rate (RGR) of the 4th instar larvae significantly decreased, which can be explained by a significant reduction of the relative consumption rate (RCR) and significantly or marginally significantly lower efficiency of conversion of ingested food into insect biomass (ECI). Although the RCR was also reduced with the lowest applied EO concentration (0.1%), the ECI was not affected which meant the RGR was as high as it was for the control larvae. ECI changes, when two higher EO concentrations were applied, were due to a reduction in the efficiency of conversion of digested food into biomass (ECD), while approximate digestibility was unaffected by the presence of EO in the food. Our results on the significant negative effects of tansy EO on gypsy moth larval survival, development time, and nutritional physiology suggest that it could be considered in future designs for botanical insecticides for gypsy moth control.

中文翻译：

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评价艾菊精油作为控制吉普赛蛾的潜在“绿色”替代品。

开发化学农药的“绿色”替代品可能在病虫害综合治理（IPM）中发挥关键作用。它们的使用被认为是危险合成产品的替代品或补充。我们分析了以前用GC-MS表征的三种浓度的艾菊（艾菊（Tanacetum vulgare L.））精油（EO）对第二龄龄吉卜赛蛾（Lymantria dispar）的存活和蜕皮以及营养指数的影响L.）幼虫。在残留的接触毒性评估中，艾菊EO的暴露导致较低的死亡率（<10％），而幼虫的发育显着减慢，即蜕皮到第三龄幼虫的百分比降低了。另一方面，如果在饮食中加入艾菊EO（消化毒性试验），食用120小时后，记录到最高的EO死亡率，高死亡率和无蜕皮现象。在以0.5和1％（v / v）的浓度补充EO的食物中喂养48小时期间，第4龄幼虫的相对生长率（RGR）显着下降，这可以通过相对消耗的显着降低来解释率（RCR），并显着或略微降低摄取食物转化为昆虫生物量（ECI）的效率。尽管使用最低的EO浓度（0.1％）也会降低RCR，但ECI不会受到影响，这意味着RGR与对照幼虫一样高。当应用两种较高的EO浓度时，ECI的变化是由于消化食品转化为生物质（ECD）的效率降低所致，而近似的消化率不受食物中EO含量的影响。我们关于艾菊EO对吉卜赛蛾幼虫存活，发育时间和营养生理的显着负面影响的结果表明，可以在今后设计用于控制吉卜赛蛾的植物杀虫剂中考虑使用它。