MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are short, endogenously initiated, non-coding RNAs that bind to target mRNAs, leading to the degradation or translational suppression of respective mRNAs. They have been reported as key players in physiological processes like differentiation, cellular proliferation, development, and apoptosis. They have gained importance as gene expression regulators in the immune system. They control antibody production and release various inflammatory mediators. Abnormal expression and functioning of miRNA in the immune system is linked to various diseases like inflammatory disorders, allergic diseases, cancers etc. As compared to the average human genome, miRNA targets the genes of immune system quite differently. miRNA appeared to regulate the responses related to both acquired and innate immunity of the humans. Several miRNAs importantly regulate the transcription and even, dysregulation of inflammation-related mediators. Many miRNAs are either upregulated or downregulated in various inflammatory and infectious diseases. Hence, modifying or targeting the expression of miRNAs might serve as a novel strategy for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of various inflammatory and infectious conditions.

中文翻译：

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宿主和病原体衍生的 MicroRNA 在传染病和炎症性疾病免疫调节中的作用。

MicroRNA（miRNA、miR）是短的、内源性启动的非编码 RNA，可与目标 mRNA 结合，导致相应 mRNA 的降解或翻译抑制。据报道，它们是分化、细胞增殖、发育和凋亡等生理过程的关键参与者。它们作为免疫系统中的基因表达调节剂已变得越来越重要。它们控制抗体的产生并释放各种炎症介质。免疫系统中miRNA的异常表达和功能与多种疾病有关，如炎症性疾病、过敏性疾病、癌症等。与普通人类基因组相比，miRNA针对免疫系统基因的作用截然不同。miRNA 似乎调节与人类获得性和先天免疫相关的反应。一些 miRNA 重要地调节炎症相关介质的转录甚至失调。许多 miRNA 在各种炎症和传染病中要么上调要么下调。因此，修饰或靶向 miRNA 的表达可能成为诊断、预防和治疗各种炎症和感染性疾病的新策略。