Aim Large-scale patterns in flower and fruit traits provide crucial insights into selection processes and the evolutionary history of plant lineages. To isolate and identify the role of selective pressures, including different plant-animal interactions and the factors driving trait evolution, we investigated the convergence and divergence between flower and fruit traits in shared environments. Location Australia to Southeast Asia. Time period Eocene (c. 45 Ma) to present. Major taxa studied Woody angiosperm rain forest species (2,248 species, 133 families). Methods Using a continental-scale data set for all woody angiosperm species in the Australian rain forest (1,816 free-standing and 432 climbing species), we compared the colour and size of fleshy fruits and flowers in relationship to life-form (trees/shrubs and vines), species biogeographical histories and origins (Sunda versus Sahul) and bioregional distributions. Results Fleshy fruits in the Australian rain forest are mostly small, with a diversity of colours (<30 mm; 81%), and the flowers are mostly small (<10 mm; 65%) and whitish (c. 80%). Compared with trees and shrubs, climbing species showed a higher proportion of red fleshy fruits and large coloured flowers. Small whitish flowers were dominant across lineages from different biogeographical origins (Sunda and Sahul) and geographical regions, and both small and large fleshy fruits retained a range of disperser-attractant colours. Main conclusions Continental-scale size and colour characteristics of flowers and fleshy fruits differed despite sharing environments with similar abiotic selective pressures through time. Plant-animal interactions, including pollination and dispersal, are likely to mediate different evolutionary outcomes for plant traits and reflect both adaptation and evolutionary constraints.

中文翻译：

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进化限制和适应塑造了大陆尺度雨林水果和花朵的大小和颜色

目的 花和果实性状的大规模模式为植物谱系的选择过程和进化历史提供了重要的见解。为了分离和确定选择压力的作用，包括不同的植物-动物相互作用和驱动性状进化的因素，我们研究了共享环境中花和果实性状之间的趋同和差异。位置澳大利亚到东南亚。时间段始新世（约 45 Ma）到现在。主要分类群研究了木质被子植物雨林物种（2,248 种，133 科）。方法使用澳大利亚雨林中所有木本被子植物物种（1,816 个独立物种和 432 个攀援物种）的大陆尺度数据集，我们比较了与生命形式（树木/灌木）相关的肉质水果和花卉的颜色和大小和葡萄藤），物种生物地理历史和起源（Sunda 与 Sahul）和生物区域分布。结果澳大利亚雨林中的肉质果实大多较小，颜色多样（<30 mm；81%），花朵大多较小（<10 mm；65%）且呈白色（约 80%）。与乔木和灌木相比，攀缘树种的红色肉质果实和大型彩色花朵的比例更高。白色的小花在来自不同生物地理起源（Sunda 和 Sahul）和地理区域的谱系中占主导地位，大小肉质水果都保留了一系列分散剂的颜色。主要结论 尽管随着时间的推移共享具有相似非生物选择压力的环境，花和肉质果实的大陆尺度大小和颜色特征不同。动植物相互作用，