Abstract Well-designed heterostructure photocatalysts with effective interfacial contacts have attracted significant attention, owing to their enhanced visible-light absorption and optimal charge separation efficiency. Herein, novel visible-light-responsive heterostructure photocatalysts composed of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/protonated g-C3N4 (p-CN)/Cu3Mo2O9 (CMO) were constructed through a facile hydrothermal method. In particular, the ternary composite with 20 wt% of CMO content (rGO/p-CN/CMO-20) was optimized as an efficient catalyst for tetracycline (TC) degradation. The TC degradation rate of the rGO/p-CN/CMO-20 catalyst was found to be ~41, 15, 22, 7, and 14 times higher than those of rGO, p-CN, CMO, p-CN/CMO-20, and rGO/CMO-20, respectively. The outstanding photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the enhanced visible-light absorption, synergistic effect among the components, high specific surface area, good interfacial contact, efficient separation and transfer of photo-generated charge-carriers as well as good photostability. In addition, reactive radical scavenging and band edge position analyses provided evidence for a possible mechanism of the enhanced photocatalytic activity exhibited by rGO/p-CN/CMO-20. Mineralization with 60% total organic carbon reduction was achieved during the 60 min treatment of the optimized sample. The kinetic analysis revealed that the photocatalytic degradation obeyed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model. The primary intermediates were identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and a photo-degradation pathway was tentatively proposed. This work will provide new routes for the design and construction of efficient two-dimensional rGO/p-CN-decorated heterostructures and their use in environmental decontamination.

中文翻译：

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构建 2D/2D/2D rGO/p-C3N4/Cu3Mo2O9 异质结构作为级联光降解和光电化学活性的高效催化平台

摘要 设计良好、具有有效界面接触的异质结构光催化剂因其增强的可见光吸收和最佳的电荷分离效率而引起了广泛关注。在此，通过简便的水热法构建了由还原氧化石墨烯 (rGO)/质子化 g-C3N4 (p-CN)/Cu3Mo2O9 (CMO) 组成的新型可见光响应异质结构光催化剂。特别是，具有 20 wt% CMO 含量的三元复合材料 (rGO/p-CN/CMO-20) 被优化为四环素 (TC) 降解的有效催化剂。发现 rGO/p-CN/CMO-20 催化剂的 TC 降解率比 rGO、p-CN、CMO、p-CN/CMO-高约 41、15、22、7 和 14 倍。 20 和 rGO/CMO-20，分别。优异的光催化活性可归因于增强的可见光吸收、组分之间的协同作用、高比表面积、良好的界面接触、光生载流子的有效分离和转移以及良好的光稳定性。此外，活性自由基清除和能带边缘位置分析为 rGO/p-CN/CMO-20 增强光催化活性的可能机制提供了证据。在优化样品的 60 分钟处理期间实现了总有机碳减少 60% 的矿化。动力学分析表明光催化降解遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型。主要中间体通过液相色谱-质谱法鉴定，并初步提出了光降解途径。这项工作将为设计和构建高效的二维 rGO/p-CN 装饰的异质结构及其在环境净化中的应用提供新的途径。