OBJECTIVE Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder putatively associated with a hyperdopaminergic state. Therefore, it seems plausible that excessive dopamine transmission in Tourette syndrome alters the ability to learn based on rewards and punishments. We tested whether Tourette syndrome patients exhibited altered reinforcement learning and corresponding feedback-related EEG deflections. METHODS We used a reinforcement learning task providing factual and counterfactual feedback in a sample of 15 Tourette syndrome patients and matched healthy controls whilst recording EEG. The paradigm presented various reward probabilities to enforce adaptive adjustments. We employed a computational model to derive estimates of the prediction error, which we used for single-trial regression analysis of the EEG data. RESULTS We found that Tourette syndrome patients showed increased choice stochasticity compared to controls. The feedback-related negativity represented an axiomatic prediction error for factual feedback and did not differ between groups. We observed attenuated P3a modulation specifically for factual feedback in Tourette syndrome patients, representing impaired coding of attention allocation. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that cortical prediction error coding is unaffected by Tourette syndrome. Nonetheless, the transfer of learned values into choice formation is degraded, in line with a hyperdopaminergic state.

中文翻译：

---

图雷特综合症中的价值转移到行动减少。

目的Tourette综合征是一种与高多巴胺能状态有关的神经发育障碍。因此，在图雷特综合症中过多的多巴胺传播改变基于奖励和惩罚的学习能力似乎是合理的。我们测试了Tourette综合征患者是否表现出改变的强化学习和相应的反馈相关脑电图偏斜。方法我们采用强化学习任务，在记录脑电图的同时，对15名Tourette综合征患者和匹配的健康对照者的样本提供了事实和反事实反馈。该范式提出了各种奖励概率来实施自适应调整。我们采用了一种计算模型来得出预测误差的估计值，并将其用于EEG数据的单次回归分析。结果我们发现，与对照组相比，Tourette综合征患者表现出更高的选择随机性。反馈相关的负性代表了事实反馈的公理预测误差，并且在各组之间没有差异。我们观察到了衰减的P3a调制，专门用于Tourette综合征患者的事实反馈，代表注意力分配的编码受损。结论我们的发现表明皮质预测误差编码不受Tourette综合征的影响。然而，与高多巴胺能状态一致，学习价值向选择形成的转移被降低了。我们观察到衰减的P3a调制专门用于图雷特综合症患者的事实反馈，代表注意力分配的编码受损。结论我们的发现表明皮质预测误差编码不受Tourette综合征的影响。然而，与高多巴胺能状态一致，学习价值向选择形成的转移被降低了。我们观察到了衰减的P3a调制，专门用于Tourette综合征患者的事实反馈，代表注意力分配的编码受损。结论我们的发现表明皮质预测误差编码不受Tourette综合征的影响。然而，与高多巴胺能状态一致，学习价值向选择形成的转移被降低了。