Abstract Seafood mislabeling has numerous consequences, including economic deception and food safety risks. The focus of this study was to investigate fish species labeling, use of acceptable market names, and Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) compliance for fresh fish fillets sold at grocery store seafood counters in Southern California. A total of 120 fillets representing 16 different categories of fish were collected from 30 Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act (PACA)-listed grocery stores. Each sample underwent DNA barcoding to identify the species. Acceptable market names were confirmed using the FDA Seafood List. Samples were determined to be compliant with COOL if both the country of origin and the production method were declared in accordance with regulatory requirements. Species substitution was detected in 16 of the 120 samples (13.3%) and unacceptable market names were observed for an additional 11 samples (9.2%). The highest rates of species substitution were recorded for snapper (3/3), yellowtail (2/4), halibut (4/10), cod (3/10), and bass (2/7). COOL noncompliance was observed for 28 samples (23.3%): the country of origin was missing for 15 samples, production method was missing for 9 samples, and 4 samples were missing both. When all forms of mislabeling were considered, 47 of the 120 samples (39.2%) had at least one labeling error. The majority of grocery stores (25/30) had one or more samples with a mislabeling error. This study revealed species mislabeling as a continuous concern in the seafood industry, especially with higher-valued species. Furthermore, the lack of COOL compliance among retailers is concerning and suggests a need for increased focus on these regulations.

中文翻译：

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南加州杂货店出售的鱼片的标签合规性和物种认证

摘要 海鲜贴错标签会产生许多后果，包括经济欺骗和食品安全风险。本研究的重点是调查在南加州杂货店海鲜柜台出售的新鲜鱼片的鱼类品种标签、可接受的市场名称的使用以及原产国标签 (COOL) 合规性。从 30 家易腐农产品法案 (PACA) 列出的杂货店收集了代表 16 种不同类别鱼的总共 120 片鱼片。每个样本都经过 DNA 条形码处理以识别物种。可接受的市场名称是使用 FDA 海鲜清单确认的。如果原产国和生产方法均符合法规要求，则样品被确定为符合 COOL。在 120 个样本中的 16 个（13. 3%) 和不可接受的市场名称在另外 11 个样本 (9.2%) 中被观察到。鲷鱼 (3/3)、黄尾鱼 (2/4)、大比目鱼 (4/10)、鳕鱼 (3/10) 和鲈鱼 (2/7) 的物种替代率最高。有 28 个样本 (23.3%) 发现 COOL 不合规：15 个样本缺失原产国，9 个样本缺失生产方法，4 个样本同时缺失。当考虑所有形式的错误标记时，120 个样本中有 47 个（39.2%）至少有一个标记错误。大多数杂货店 (25/30) 都有一个或多个标签错误的样本。这项研究揭示了海产品行业中一个持续关注的物种错误标签，尤其是高价值物种。此外，