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Climate and human water use diminish wetland networks supporting continental waterbird migration.
Global Change Biology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-22 , DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15010 J Patrick Donnelly 1 , Sammy L King 2 , Nicholas L Silverman 3 , Daniel P Collins 4 , Eduardo M Carrera-Gonzalez 5 , Alberto Lafón-Terrazas 6 , Johnnie N Moore 7
Global Change Biology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-22 , DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15010 J Patrick Donnelly 1 , Sammy L King 2 , Nicholas L Silverman 3 , Daniel P Collins 4 , Eduardo M Carrera-Gonzalez 5 , Alberto Lafón-Terrazas 6 , Johnnie N Moore 7
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Migrating waterbirds moving between upper and lower latitudinal breeding and wintering grounds rely on a limited network of endorheic lakes and wetlands when crossing arid continental interiors. Recent drying of global endorheic water stores raises concerns over deteriorating migratory pathways, yet few studies have considered these effects at the scale of continental flyways. Here, we investigate the resiliency of waterbird migration networks across western North America by reconstructing long-term patterns (1984-2018) of terminal lake and wetland surface water area in 26 endorheic watersheds. Findings were partitioned regionally by snowmelt- and monsoon-driven hydrologies and combined with climate and human water-use data to determine their importance in predicting surface water trends. Nonlinear patterns of lake and wetland drying were apparent along latitudinal flyway gradients. Pervasive surface water declines were prevalent in northern snowmelt watersheds (lakes -27%, wetlands -47%) while largely stable in monsoonal watersheds to the south (lakes -13%, wetlands +8%). Monsoonal watersheds represented a smaller proportion of total lake and wetland area, but their distribution and frequency of change within highly arid regions of the continental flyway increased their value to migratory waterbirds. Irrigated agriculture and increasing evaporative demands were the most important drivers of surface water declines. Underlying agricultural and wetland relationships however were more complex. Approximately 7% of irrigated lands linked to flood irrigation and water storage practices supported 61% of all wetland inundation in snowmelt watersheds. In monsoonal watersheds, small earthen dams, meant to capture surface runoff for livestock watering, were a major component of wetland resources (67%) that supported networks of isolated wetlands surrounding endorheic lakes. Ecological trends and human impacts identified herein underscore the importance of assessing flyway-scale change as our model depictions likely reflect new and emerging bottlenecks to continental migration.
中文翻译：
气候和人类用水减少了支持大陆水鸟迁徙的湿地网络。
迁徙水鸟在穿越干旱大陆内陆时，在上纬度和下纬度繁殖地和越冬地之间移动，依赖于有限的内流湖泊和湿地网络。最近全球内陆水库的干涸引起了人们对迁徙路径恶化的担忧，但很少有研究在大陆迁徙路线范围内考虑这些影响。在这里，我们通过重建 26 个内流流域的终端湖泊和湿地地表水域的长期模式（1984-2018）来研究北美西部水鸟迁徙网络的弹性。研究结果按融雪和季风驱动的水文学进行区域划分，并与气候和人类用水数据相结合，以确定其在预测地表水趋势中的重要性。沿纬度飞行路线梯度，湖泊和湿地干燥的非线性模式很明显。北部融雪流域普遍存在地表水下降（湖泊-27%，湿地-47%），而南部季风流域基本稳定（湖泊-13%，湿地+8%）。季风流域占湖泊和湿地总面积的比例较小，但它们在大陆飞行路线高度干旱地区的分布和变化频率增加了它们对迁徙水鸟的价值。灌溉农业和不断增加的蒸发需求是地表水下降的最重要驱动因素。然而，农业和湿地之间的潜在关系更为复杂。大约 7% 的灌溉土地与漫灌和蓄水实践相关，支持了融雪流域所有湿地淹没的 61%。在季风流域，小型土坝旨在捕获地表径流以供牲畜浇水，是湿地资源的主要组成部分（67%），支持内流湖泊周围的孤立湿地网络。本文确定的生态趋势和人类影响强调了评估迁徙规模变化的重要性，因为我们的模型描述可能反映了大陆迁徙的新的和正在出现的瓶颈。
更新日期：2020-02-14
中文翻译：
气候和人类用水减少了支持大陆水鸟迁徙的湿地网络。
迁徙水鸟在穿越干旱大陆内陆时，在上纬度和下纬度繁殖地和越冬地之间移动，依赖于有限的内流湖泊和湿地网络。最近全球内陆水库的干涸引起了人们对迁徙路径恶化的担忧，但很少有研究在大陆迁徙路线范围内考虑这些影响。在这里，我们通过重建 26 个内流流域的终端湖泊和湿地地表水域的长期模式（1984-2018）来研究北美西部水鸟迁徙网络的弹性。研究结果按融雪和季风驱动的水文学进行区域划分，并与气候和人类用水数据相结合，以确定其在预测地表水趋势中的重要性。沿纬度飞行路线梯度，湖泊和湿地干燥的非线性模式很明显。北部融雪流域普遍存在地表水下降（湖泊-27%，湿地-47%），而南部季风流域基本稳定（湖泊-13%，湿地+8%）。季风流域占湖泊和湿地总面积的比例较小，但它们在大陆飞行路线高度干旱地区的分布和变化频率增加了它们对迁徙水鸟的价值。灌溉农业和不断增加的蒸发需求是地表水下降的最重要驱动因素。然而，农业和湿地之间的潜在关系更为复杂。大约 7% 的灌溉土地与漫灌和蓄水实践相关，支持了融雪流域所有湿地淹没的 61%。在季风流域，小型土坝旨在捕获地表径流以供牲畜浇水，是湿地资源的主要组成部分（67%），支持内流湖泊周围的孤立湿地网络。本文确定的生态趋势和人类影响强调了评估迁徙规模变化的重要性，因为我们的模型描述可能反映了大陆迁徙的新的和正在出现的瓶颈。
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