The increasing need to account for the many factors that influence fish population dynamics, particularly those external to the population, has led to repeated calls for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). Yet systematically and clearly addressing these factors, and hence implementing EAFM, has suffered from a lack of clear operational guidance. Here, we propose 13 main factors (shift in location, migration route or timing, overfishing (three types), decrease in physiology, increase in predation, increase in competition, decrease in prey availability, increase in disease or parasites and a decline in habitat quality or habitat quantity) that can negatively influence fish populations via mechanisms readily observable in ~20 population features. Using these features as part of a diagnostic framework, we develop flow charts that link probable mechanism(s) underlying population change to the most judicious management actions. We then apply the framework for example case studies that have well‐known and documented population dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide a clearly defined matrix of all the probable responses to the most common factors influencing fish populations, and to examine possible diagnostics simultaneously, comparatively and relatively in an attempt to elucidate the most probable mechanisms responsible. The framework we propose aims to operationalize EAFM, thereby not only better diagnosing factors influencing fish populations, but also suggesting the most appropriate management interventions, and ultimately leading to improved fisheries. We assert the framework proposed should result in both better use of limited analytical and observational resources and more tailored and effective management actions.

中文翻译：

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改变我们对待渔业的方式：首次尝试采用生态系统方法进行渔业管理的业务框架

人们越来越需要考虑到影响鱼类种群动态的许多因素，特别是影响种群外部因素的因素，这导致人们反复呼吁采用生态系统方法进行渔业管理（EAFM）。然而，由于缺乏明确的操作指导，因此系统地，明确地解决了这些因素并因此实施了EAFM。在这里，我们提出了13个主要因素（位置变化，迁移路线或时间，过度捕捞（三种类型），生理下降，捕食增加，竞争加剧，猎物可利用性减少，疾病或寄生虫增加以及栖息地减少质量或栖息地数量），可以通过在约20种种群特征中容易观察到的机制对鱼类种群产生负面影响。将这些功能用作诊断框架的一部分，我们开发了将潜在的人口变化机制与最明智的管理行动联系起来的流程图。然后，我们将该框架应用于具有众所周知且已记录的人口动态的案例研究。就我们所知，这是首次尝试提供一个明确定义的矩阵，以对影响鱼类种群的最常见因素做出所有可能的反应，并同时，比较和相对地检查可能的诊断方法，以试图阐明造成这种情况的最可能机制。我们提出的框架旨在使EAFM投入运营，从而不仅可以更好地诊断影响鱼类种群的因素，而且可以提出最适当的管理干预措施，并最终改善渔业。