An open-source model was developed to optimize energy storage operation for photovoltaic- (PV-) plus-battery systems with AC-coupled and DC-coupled configurations. It includes the ability to use forecast energy prices to optimize battery charge and discharge on a rolling time horizon. The model allows for exploration of different configurations, including capital costs, inverter performance, dispatch flexibility, and capturing otherwise clipped energy for the DC-coupled system. The model can run 20 full years of hourly data in approximately two seconds, allowing comparison of a large number of configurations. We applied the model in a test case demonstrating reduced inverter clipping for DC-coupled systems and yielded slightly higher overall value than AC-coupled systems, with an approximately 2 percent increase in internal rate of return or benefit/cost ratio. Our results show that at current estimated prices for lithium-ion battery systems, large-scale PV-plus-battery plants are economically viable under the right conditions, with the configuration playing a role in system flexibility and performance. This model provides the ability for project developers, industry professionals, and researchers to use readily available software to quickly evaluate and design these systems.

开发了一种开源模型，以优化具有交流耦合和直流耦合配置的光伏（PV）电池系统的能量存储操作。它具有使用预测的能源价格来优化滚动时间范围内的电池充放电的能力。该模型允许探索不同的配置，包括投资成本，逆变器性能，调度灵活性，以及​​为直流耦合系统捕获其他受限制的能量。该模型可以在大约两秒钟内运行20整年的每小时数据，从而可以比较大量配置。我们在一个测试案例中应用了该模型，该案例证明了直流耦合系统的逆变器削波减少，并且总值略高于交流耦合系统，内部收益率或收益/成本比提高了约2％。我们的结果表明，按当前锂离子电池系统的估计价格，大型PV +电池工厂在适当的条件下在经济上可行，并且配置在系统灵活性和性能方面发挥着作用。该模型为项目开发人员，行业专业人员和研究人员提供了使用随时可用的软件快速评估和设计这些系统的能力。