Endel Tulving has provided unparalleled contributions to the study of human memory. We consider here his contributions to the study of recognition memory and celebrate his first article on recognition, a nearly forgotten but (we argue) essential paper from 1968. We next consider his distinction between remembering and knowing, its relation to confidence, and the implications of high levels of false remembering in the DRM paradigm for using phenomenal experiences as measures of memory. We next pivot to newer work, the use of confidence accuracy characteristic plots in analyzing standard recognition memory experiments. We argue they are quite useful in such research, as they are in eyewitness research. For example, we report that even with hundreds of items, high confidence in a response indicates high accuracy, just as it does in one-item eyewitness research. Finally, we argue that amnesia (rapid forgetting) occurs in all people (not just amnesic patients) for some of their experiences. We provide evidence from three experiments revealing that subjects who fail to recognize recently studied items (miss responses) do so with high confidence 15-20% of the time. Such high confidence misses constitute our definition of everyday amnesia that can occur even in college student populations.

中文翻译：

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识别记忆：Tulving的贡献和一些新发现。

Endel Tulving为人类记忆的研究做出了无与伦比的贡献。在这里，我们考虑他对识别记忆的研究，并庆祝他的第一篇有关识别的文章，这是一篇几乎被遗忘的但我们认为是1968年的重要论文。接下来，我们考虑他在记忆和认识之间的区别，其与信心的关系以及所蕴含的含义。 DRM范式中使用现象体验作为记忆量度的大量错误记忆。接下来，我们将转向更新的工作，即在分析标准识别记忆实验中使用置信精度特征图。我们认为，它们在此类研究中非常有用，就像在目击者研究中一样。例如，我们报告说，即使有成百上千个项目，对答复的高度置信度也表明准确性高，就像单项目击者研究一样 最后，我们认为健忘症（快速遗忘）发生在所有人（不仅仅是健忘症患者）中。我们从三个实验中提供的证据表明，未能识别最近研究的项目（未回答）的受试者在15-20％的时间内具有很高的置信度。如此高的置信度缺失构成了我们对即使在大学生群体中也可能发生的日常健忘症的定义。