The development of novel polymer membranes is a fascinating and challenging field in materials science and technology, as both the chemical composition and the processing have a big influence on the final properties of polymer membranes such as surface properties, pore structure and pore functionality. Progress in membrane-based separation processes like water and wastewater treatment, desalination and other separation applications depends on both a better understanding of the influence of the chemical composition of the membrane material and the membrane structure on the separation performance. In this review, first an overview of different types of polymer membranes and the separation mechanisms is given. Then the well-established fabrication of integral asymmetrically structured membranes by phase inversion methods in different geometries is presented before the more challenging combination of nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) with block copolymer self-assembly is discussed. This leads to so called isoporous integral asymmetric membranes composed of a thin selective surface layer with regular arranged and similar-sized pores on top of a thicker irregular, spongy sublayer. These membranes are the main focus of this review. So far, isoporous block copolymer membranes are still far from large scale production and commercial reality, however they offer one of the most promising platforms for higher separation performance. They not only have potential in applications such as proteins separation, but can also for the separation small charged or uncharged molecules after appropriate post-functionalization of the pores. The developments in this area are presented before some conclusions and outlook for future developments are given.

新型聚合物膜的开发在材料科学和技术领域是一个引人入胜且充满挑战的领域，因为化学成分和加工过程都对聚合物膜的最终性能（如表面性能，孔结构和孔功能）产生重大影响。基于膜的分离工艺（例如水和废水处理，脱盐和其他分离应用）的进展取决于对膜材料的化学成分和膜结构对分离性能的影响的更好理解。在本综述中，首先概述了不同类型的聚合物膜及其分离机理。然后，在讨论非溶剂诱导的相分离（NIPS）与嵌段共聚物自组装的更具挑战性的组合之前，介绍了通过不同几何形状的相转化方法建立的完整不对称结构膜的完善方法。这导致所谓的等孔整体不对称膜，该膜由较薄的选择性表面层组成，该选择性表面层在较厚的不规则海绵状子层顶部上具有规则排列的和类似大小的孔。这些膜是本文的重点。到目前为止，等孔嵌段共聚物膜距离大规模生产和商业化现实还很遥远，但是它们为实现更高的分离性能提供了最有希望的平台之一。它们不仅在蛋白质分离，但也可以在适当的后功能化后将小分子带电或不带电的分子分离出来。在给出一些结论和对未来发展的展望之前，先介绍该领域的发展。