Urban centers and dense populations are expanding, hence, there is a growing demand for novel applications to aid in planning and optimization. In this work, a smart parking system that operates both indoor and outdoor is introduced. The system is based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons and uses particle filtering to improve its accuracy. Through simple BLE connectivity with smartphones, an intuitive parking system is designed and deployed. The proposed system pairs each spot with a unique BLE beacon, providing users with guidance to free parking spaces and a secure and automated payment scheme based on real-time usage of the parking space. Three sets of experiments were conducted to examine different aspects of the system. A particle filter is implemented in order to increase the system performance and improve the credence of the results. Through extensive experimentation in both indoor and outdoor parking spaces, the system was able to correctly predict which spot the user has parked in, as well as estimate the distance of the user from the beacon.

中文翻译：

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基于蓝牙低功耗信标和粒子滤波的智能停车系统

城市中心和人口稠密的人口正在扩大，因此，对有助于规划和优化的新型应用程序的需求不断增长。在这项工作中，介绍了一个可以在室内和室外运行的智能停车系统。该系统基于蓝牙低功耗 (BLE) 信标，并使用粒子过滤来提高其准确性。通过与智能手机的简单 BLE 连接，设计并部署了一个直观的停车系统。所提出的系统将每个点与一个独特的 BLE 信标配对，为用户提供免费停车位的指导以及基于停车位实时使用情况的安全和自动支付方案。进行了三组实验以检查系统的不同方面。实施粒子过滤器以提高系统性能并提高结果的可信度。