Domestication provides an excellent framework for studying adaptive divergence. Using population genomics and phenotypic assays, we reconstructed the domestication history of the blue cheese mould Penicillium roqueforti. We showed that this fungus was domesticated twice independently. The population used in Roquefort originated from an old domestication event associated with weak bottlenecks and exhibited traits beneficial for pre‐industrial cheese production (slower growth in cheese and greater spore production on bread, the traditional multiplication medium). The other cheese population originated more recently from the selection of a single clonal lineage, was associated with all types of blue cheese worldwide except Roquefort, and displayed phenotypes more suited for industrial cheese production (high lipolytic activity, efficient cheese cavity colonization ability and salt tolerance). We detected genomic regions affected by recent positive selection and putative horizontal gene transfers. This study sheds light on the processes of rapid adaptation and raises questions about genetic resource conservation.

中文翻译：

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蓝霉菌青霉菌中的独立驯化事件。

驯化为研究适应性差异提供了一个极好的框架。使用种群基因组学和表型分析，我们重建了蓝纹奶酪霉菌罗克福尔蒂的驯化历史。我们表明，这种真菌被独立驯化了两次。罗克福尔所用的人口起源于一个较弱的瓶颈，与一个古老的驯化事件有关，并表现出有利于工业化前奶酪生产的特征（奶酪的生长速度较慢，面包（传统的繁殖培养基）的孢子产量更高）。其他奶酪种群最近起源于单一克隆谱系的选择，与除Roquefort之外的世界各地所有类型的蓝色奶酪有关，并表现出更适合工业奶酪生产的表型（高脂解活性，高效的奶酪腔定殖能力和耐盐性） ）。我们检测到基因组区域受最近的阳性选择和假定的水平基因转移的影响。