Extreme heat events will challenge agricultural production and raise the risk of food insecurity. California is the largest agricultural producer in the United States, and climate change and extreme heat may significantly affect the state's food production. This paper provides a summary of the current literature on crop responses to extreme heat, with a focus on perennial agriculture in California. We highlight contemporary trends and future projections in heat extremes, and the range of plant responses to extreme heat exposure, noting the variability in plant tolerance and response across season, crop, and cultivar. We also review practices employed to mitigate heat damage and the capacity for those practices to serve as adaptation options in a warmer and drier future. Finally, we discuss current and future research directions aimed at increasing the adaptive capacity of perennial agriculture to the increased heat exposure anticipated with climate change. Collectively, the literature reviewed makes clear the need to understand crop responses and tolerances to heat within the context of climate change and climate extremes in order to sustain crop production, preserve agricultural communities, and bolster food security at local, national, and global scales.

中文翻译：

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极端高温对多年生作物的影响以及维持未来生产的策略

极端高温事件将挑战农业生产并增加粮食不安全风险。加利福尼亚州是美国最大的农业生产国，气候变化和极端高温可能会对该州的粮食生产产生重大影响。本文总结了当前有关作物对极端高温的反应的文献，重点是加利福尼亚的多年生农业。我们重点介绍了极端高温的当代趋势和未来预测，以及植物对极端高温暴露的反应范围，并指出了植物耐受性和跨季节、作物和栽培品种的反应的可变性。我们还审查了用于减轻热损害的实践，以及这些实践在更温暖和更干燥的未来作为适应选择的能力。最后，我们讨论了当前和未来的研究方向，旨在提高多年生农业对气候变化预期增加的热量暴露的适应能力。总的来说，所审查的文献清楚地表明需要了解气候变化和极端气候背景下的作物对热的反应和耐受性，以维持作物生产，保护农业社区，并在地方、国家和全球范围内加强粮食安全。