The removal of antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and cell-free antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) and the microbial community of ARB were investigated in detail to understand their fate and provide valuable information on the feasibility of full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). The potential risks of cell-free ARGs to the receiving environment were discovered. High influent antibiotic concentration could inhibit the microbial activity of MBR sludge, whereas good antibiotic removal could be maintained because of relatively long solid retention time and high biomass retention. Approximately 61.8%–77.5% of the total antibiotics were degraded, and 22.5%–38.2% of the total antibiotics were adsorbed by MBR sludge on average. The individual antibiotic removal presented intense discrepancy because of the chemical construction and distribution coefficient of antibiotics. exhibited specific antibiotic resistance to ampicillin and erythromycin, became the predominant genera in kanamycin-ARB and tetracycline-ARB, and and were the particular genera that exhibited distinct antibiotic resistance to ciprofloxacin. A significant correlation was found between cell-free ARG abundance and ARB content, and relatively high effluent cell-free ARG abundance facilitated the proliferation and transmission of ARB. The impacts of the receiving environment to eliminate the ecological risks and severe threats to human health should be investigated because of the low decay ratio and long-term persistence of cell-free ARGs.

中文翻译：

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全尺寸膜生物反应器废水处理厂中抗生素、抗生素抗性细菌和无细胞抗生素抗性基因的命运


详细研究了抗生素、抗生素抗性细菌（ARB）和无细胞抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的去除以及ARB的微生物群落，以了解它们的命运并为全尺寸膜的可行性提供有价值的信息生物反应器（MBR）。发现了无细胞 ARG 对接收环境的潜在风险。高进水抗生素浓度会抑制MBR污泥的微生物活性，而由于相对较长的固体停留时间和较高的生物量保留，可以保持良好的抗生素去除率。大约61.8%~77.5%的抗生素总量被降解，平均22.5%~38.2%的抗生素总量被MBR污泥吸附。由于抗生素的化学结构和分配系数，单个抗生素的去除呈现出很大的差异。对氨苄西林和红霉素表现出特异性抗生素耐药性，成为卡那霉素-ARB和四环素-ARB的优势属，并且是对环丙沙星表现出明显抗生素耐药性的特殊属。无细胞ARG丰度与ARB含量之间存在显着相关性，较高的流出物无细胞ARG丰度有利于ARB的增殖和传播。由于无细胞ARGs的低衰减率和长期持久性，应研究接收环境的影响，以消除生态风险和对人类健康的严重威胁。