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Detection of amitraz resistance and reduced treatment efficacy in the Varroa Mite, Varroa destructor, within commercial beekeeping operations.
PLOS ONE ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-17 , DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227264 Frank D Rinkevich 1
PLOS ONE ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-17 , DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227264 Frank D Rinkevich 1
Affiliation
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The parasitic mite Varroa destructor and the associated viruses it transmits are responsible for most instances of honey bee colony losses in the United States. As such, beekeepers utilize miticides to control Varroa populations. Widespread resistance has developed to the miticides fluvalinate and coumaphos. However, Varroa has largely maintained susceptibility to amitraz despite a long and extensive use history. Anecdotal reports of reduced amitraz effectiveness have been a widely discussed contemporary issue among commercial beekeepers. Amitraz resistance was measured by in vitro bioassays with technical amitraz as well as Apivar® efficacy tests. Amitraz resistance was evaluated in commercial beekeeping operations in Louisiana, New York, and South Dakota with a long history of amitraz use. This research shows that amitraz remains an effective Varroa control product in many operations. However, apiaries across operations displayed a wide range of amitraz resistance from no resistance to high resistance that resulted in Varroa control failure. The resistance ratios from in vitro amitraz bioassays were correlated with reduced Apivar® efficacy, demonstrating bona fide cases of Varroa control failures due to amitraz resistance. Therefore, amitraz resistance monitoring protocols need to be developed. A resistance monitoring network should be established to ensure the sustainability of miticide use for Varroa control.
中文翻译：
在商业养蜂作业中检测瓦螨、破坏瓦螨的双甲脒耐药性和降低的治疗效果。
寄生螨瓦螨及其传播的相关病毒是造成美国大部分蜂群损失的原因。因此，养蜂人利用杀螨剂来控制瓦螨种群。对杀螨剂氟胺氰菊酯和蝇毒磷已经产生了广泛的抗药性。然而，尽管瓦螨有着悠久而广泛的使用历史，但它在很大程度上仍然对双甲脒敏感。关于双甲脒有效性降低的轶事报道已成为商业养蜂人广泛讨论的当代问题。双甲脒耐药性是通过使用双甲脒技术的体外生物测定以及 Apivar® 功效测试来测量的。在路易斯安那州、纽约州和南达科他州的商业养蜂场中对双甲脒耐药性进行了评估，这些地区的双甲脒使用历史悠久。这项研究表明，双甲脒在许多操作中仍然是有效的瓦螨控制产品。然而，各个养蜂场都表现出各种各样的双甲脒抗性，从无抗性到高抗性，导致瓦螨控制失败。体外双甲脒生物测定的耐药率与 Apivar® 功效降低相关，证明了由于双甲脒耐药性导致瓦螨控制失败的真实案例。因此，需要制定双甲脒耐药性监测方案。应建立抗性监测网络，以确保杀螨剂用于瓦螨防治的可持续性。
更新日期：2020-01-21
中文翻译：
在商业养蜂作业中检测瓦螨、破坏瓦螨的双甲脒耐药性和降低的治疗效果。
寄生螨瓦螨及其传播的相关病毒是造成美国大部分蜂群损失的原因。因此，养蜂人利用杀螨剂来控制瓦螨种群。对杀螨剂氟胺氰菊酯和蝇毒磷已经产生了广泛的抗药性。然而，尽管瓦螨有着悠久而广泛的使用历史，但它在很大程度上仍然对双甲脒敏感。关于双甲脒有效性降低的轶事报道已成为商业养蜂人广泛讨论的当代问题。双甲脒耐药性是通过使用双甲脒技术的体外生物测定以及 Apivar® 功效测试来测量的。在路易斯安那州、纽约州和南达科他州的商业养蜂场中对双甲脒耐药性进行了评估，这些地区的双甲脒使用历史悠久。这项研究表明，双甲脒在许多操作中仍然是有效的瓦螨控制产品。然而，各个养蜂场都表现出各种各样的双甲脒抗性，从无抗性到高抗性，导致瓦螨控制失败。体外双甲脒生物测定的耐药率与 Apivar® 功效降低相关，证明了由于双甲脒耐药性导致瓦螨控制失败的真实案例。因此，需要制定双甲脒耐药性监测方案。应建立抗性监测网络，以确保杀螨剂用于瓦螨防治的可持续性。
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