Abstract We, in our previous work, detailed the new design technology for the synthesis of novel TiO2/TiO2-WO3 core/shell composite (Ti/Ti–W) via the application of titanium turnings. Herein, we exploited the strategy with appropriate alternations to broaden the industrial significance of the method as well as the material. The work embodies a polyaniline assisted modification of Ti/Ti–W (0.1 g Ti metal/1:2 Ti–W) to develop a novel hybrid composite that has not yet been synthesized and studied. The composite was used to fabricate a sensing electrode for dopamine detection by electroless deposition from Ni–P bath. Cyclic voltammetric results revealed the sensing performance of Ni–P/PANI/Ti/Ti–W electrode towards dopamine detection. Further, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed to detect the sensing potential and sensing current, and the detection limit was found to be as low as 0.0037 μM with a sensitivity of 44.7 μA/μM cm2. The linear range of the optimized sensing electrode was 0.1–50 μM. Moreover, the electrode offered a remarkable detection of dopamine even in presence of other electroactive species such as AA, UA, NaCl and glucose. The real sample analysis explored Ni–P/PANI/Ti/Ti–W as a potential sensing electrode and can detect dopamine from urine sample with high sensitivity and accuracy. The obtained electroanalysis results confirm a 2H+/2e− mechanism of sensing in the developed electrode.

中文翻译：

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一种新型高性能 Ti/Ti-W 增强聚苯胺功能化 Ni-P 电极，用于高灵敏度检测尿样中的多巴胺

摘要 我们在之前的工作中详细介绍了通过应用钛车削合成新型 TiO2/TiO2-WO3 核/壳复合材料 (Ti/Ti-W) 的新设计技术。在这里，我们利用适当的改变策略来扩大该方法和材料的工业意义。该工作体现了聚苯胺辅助 Ti/Ti-W（0.1 g Ti 金属/1:2 Ti-W）的改性，以开发一种尚未合成和研究的新型混合复合材料。该复合材料用于通过 Ni-P 浴的化学沉积制造用于多巴胺检测的传感电极。循环伏安法结果揭示了 Ni-P/PANI/Ti/Ti-W 电极对多巴胺检测的传感性能。此外，采用差分脉冲伏安法（DPV）来检测传感电位和传感电流，检测限低至 0.0037 μM，灵敏度为 44.7 μA/μM cm2。优化后的传感电极的线性范围为 0.1-50 μM。此外，即使在存在其他电活性物质（如 AA、UA、NaCl 和葡萄糖）的情况下，该电极也能提供出色的多巴胺检测。实际样品分析探索了 Ni-P/PANI/Ti/Ti-W 作为潜在的传感电极，可以高灵敏度和准确度地检测尿液样品中的多巴胺。获得的电解结果证实了开发电极中的 2H+/2e- 传感机制。即使存在其他电活性物质（如 AA、UA、NaCl 和葡萄糖），该电极也能提供出色的多巴胺检测。实际样品分析探索了 Ni-P/PANI/Ti/Ti-W 作为潜在的传感电极，可以高灵敏度和准确度地检测尿液样品中的多巴胺。获得的电解结果证实了开发电极中的 2H+/2e- 传感机制。即使存在其他电活性物质（如 AA、UA、NaCl 和葡萄糖），该电极也能提供出色的多巴胺检测。实际样品分析探索了 Ni-P/PANI/Ti/Ti-W 作为潜在的传感电极，可以高灵敏度和准确度地检测尿液样品中的多巴胺。获得的电解结果证实了开发电极中的 2H+/2e- 传感机制。