Glioma is the most common intracranial primary malignancy, with limited treatment options and a poor overall survival (OS). Immunotherapy has been used successfully in various cancers, leading to the development of similar therapies that activate the patient's immune system to eliminate glioma. In this review, we introduce the diverse immunotherapeutic approaches available for treating glioma, highlighting the successes and challenges resulting from current clinical trials. Additionally, we emphasize the effect of multiple clinical factors on immunotherapy to help optimize individualized treatment regimens. Finally, we also highlight several novel concepts and technologies that could be used to design new and/or improve existing immunotherapies. Such approaches will delineate a new blueprint for glioma treatment.

中文翻译：

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恶性胶质瘤的免疫治疗：现状和未来方向。

胶质瘤是最常见的颅内原发恶性肿瘤，治疗选择有限且总生存率 (OS) 较差。免疫疗法已成功用于各种癌症，导致类似疗法的发展，这些疗法激活患者的免疫系统以消除神经胶质瘤。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了可用于治疗神经胶质瘤的多种免疫治疗方法，重点介绍了当前临床试验的成功和挑战。此外，我们强调多种临床因素对免疫治疗的影响，以帮助优化个体化治疗方案。最后，我们还强调了一些可用于设计新的和/或改进现有免疫疗法的新概念和技术。这些方法将描绘出神经胶质瘤治疗的新蓝图。