Research in the last decade has uncovered many new paramyxoviruses, airborne agents that cause epidemic diseases in animals including humans. Most paramyxoviruses enter epithelial cells of the airway using sialic acid as a receptor and cause only mild disease. However, others cross the epithelial barrier and cause more severe disease. For some of these viruses, the host receptors have been identified, and the mechanisms of cell entry have been elucidated. The tetrameric attachment proteins of paramyxoviruses have vastly different binding affinities for their cognate receptors, which they contact through different binding surfaces. Nevertheless, all input signals are converted to the same output: conformational changes that trigger refolding of trimeric fusion proteins and membrane fusion. Experiments with selectively receptor-blinded viruses inoculated into their natural hosts have provided insights into tropism, identifying the cells and tissues that support growth and revealing the mechanisms of pathogenesis. These analyses also shed light on diabolically elegant mechanisms used by morbilliviruses, including the measles virus, to promote massive amplification within the host, followed by efficient aerosolization and rapid spread through host populations. In another paradigm of receptor-facilitated severe disease, henipaviruses, including Nipah and Hendra viruses, use different members of one protein family to cause zoonoses. Specific properties of different paramyxoviruses, like neurotoxicity and immunosuppression, are now understood in the light of receptor specificity. We propose that research on the specific receptors for several newly identified members of the Paramyxoviridae family that may not bind sialic acid is needed to anticipate their zoonotic potential and to generate effective vaccines and antiviral compounds.

中文翻译：

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副粘病毒的受体介导的细胞进入：向性和致病机理及其后果。

过去十年的研究发现了许多新的副粘病毒，它们是引起动物（包括人类）流行病的空气传播剂。大多数副粘病毒使用唾液酸作为受体进入气道上皮细胞，仅引起轻度疾病。然而，其他人越过上皮屏障并引起更严重的疾病。对于其中的一些病毒，已经鉴定出宿主受体，并且阐明了细胞进入的机制。副粘病毒的四聚体附着蛋白对其同源受体的结合亲和力有很大不同，它们通过不同的结合表面接触。但是，所有输入信号都转换为相同的输出：构象变化，触发三聚体融合蛋白的重折叠和膜融合。将选择性受体盲型病毒接种到其天然宿主中的实验提供了对向性的认识，确定了支持生长的细胞和组织并揭示了发病机理。这些分析还揭示了麻疹病毒（包括麻疹病毒）使用的恶性代谢机制，以促进宿主内的大量扩增，随后有效地雾化并迅速传播到宿主群体中。在受体促成的严重疾病的另一范例中，包括尼帕病毒和亨德拉病毒在内的肝炎病毒利用一种蛋白质家族的不同成员引起人畜共患病。现在，根据受体的特异性可以理解不同副粘病毒的特殊特性，例如神经毒性和免疫抑制。