The Internet of Things (IoT) connects mobile and wireless devices, and enables the IoT service providers to deliver IoT services to the mobile users in various applications, e.g., transportation and communications. In this paper, the problem of IoT service delivery management is studied with the consideration of substitutability, complementarity, and externalities of delivering IoT services due to the diversity of different IoT components in mobile systems. The substitutable IoT services have similar functionalities to serve IoT users, and the IoT users can switch to buy service from any IoT service provider. The complementary IoT services have different functionalities to serve IoT users, and the IoT users may request a bundle of IoT services from multiple IoT service providers as their IoT services can be integrated. Externalities represent the situation in which IoT users in the same system can affect the utilities of each other due to the connections and interference among the IoT users, which leads to the presence of network effect and congestion effect. To analyze the impact of these factors on the performance of IoT systems, a multi-leader multi-follower Stackelberg game model is introduced. Therein, the IoT service providers and IoT users make their strategic decisions in terms of pricing and service requests, respectively, toward their individual objectives in a distributed manner. A closed-form equilibrium solution is derived analytically through backward induction.

中文翻译：

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具有外部性的互补和可替代物联网服务交付的博弈论分析

物联网 (IoT) 连接移动和无线设备，使物联网服务提供商能够在各种应用（例如交通和通信）中向移动用户提供物联网服务。在本文中，由于移动系统中不同物联网组件的多样性，考虑到提供物联网服务的可替代性、互补性和外部性，研究了物联网服务交付管理问题。可替代的物联网服务具有类似的功能来服务物联网用户，物联网用户可以转而购买任何物联网服务提供商的服务。互补的物联网服务具有不同的功能来服务物联网用户，物联网用户可以向多个物联网服务提供商请求捆绑物联网服务，因为他们的物联网服务可以集成。外部性是指由于物联网用户之间的连接和干扰，同一系统内的物联网用户可以影响彼此的效用，从而导致网络效应和拥塞效应的存在。为了分析这些因素对物联网系统性能的影响，引入了多领导多跟随者 Stackelberg 博弈模型。其中，物联网服务提供商和物联网用户分别在定价和服务请求方面做出战略决策，以分布式方式实现各自的目标。一个封闭形式的平衡解是通过反向归纳法推导出来的。这导致网络效应和拥塞效应的存在。为了分析这些因素对物联网系统性能的影响，引入了多领导多跟随者 Stackelberg 博弈模型。其中，物联网服务提供商和物联网用户分别在定价和服务请求方面做出战略决策，以分布式方式实现各自的目标。一个封闭形式的平衡解是通过反向归纳法推导出来的。这导致网络效应和拥塞效应的存在。为了分析这些因素对物联网系统性能的影响，引入了多领导多跟随者 Stackelberg 博弈模型。其中，物联网服务提供商和物联网用户分别在定价和服务请求方面做出战略决策，以分布式方式实现各自的目标。一个封闭形式的平衡解是通过反向归纳法推导出来的。