Abstract Air quality affects both ecosystems and human health. To assess the effects of air pollution, spatially explicit information of pollutants is needed. Atmospheric chemistry transport models are the best option to estimate concentrations and deposition of pollutants, from local to regional scales. However, concentration and deposition maps derived from available regional and global models are typically given at spatial resolutions of 10–50 km and do not contain information at sufficiently high spatial resolution (i.e. ≤ 5 km × 5 km) to identify risks and to develop solutions to protect the ecosystems and human health. Here, we provide deposition and concentration of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) at a 5 km × 5 km resolution for the western Iberian Peninsula. The new maps are a major improvement over existing information due to the higher spatial resolution. Comparison with measurements indicates that all maps for N compounds are fit for purpose. Nitrogen deposition in W Iberia ranged from 3 to 38.6 kg N·ha−1·year−1, averaging 8.2 kg N·ha−1·year−1 with a higher contribution from reduced N forms (62%). Deposition of oxidized forms mainly prevailed in urban and industrial areas and in coastal locations. The contribution of wet deposition was slightly higher (55%) than dry deposition and more important in the North, following the pattern of precipitation. Dry deposition is higher closer to emission sources. Due to their high spatial resolution, these maps can be used for policy development to support ecosystem protection, through the identification of areas at greater risk due to high N deposition. National policy efforts to reduce N pollution must, foremost, target ammonia (NH3) emissions in rural areas and oxidized nitrogen (NOx) emissions in urban and industrialized areas.

中文翻译：

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基于区域大气化学传输模型的欧洲西南部地区的氮和硫沉积

摘要 空气质量影响生态系统和人类健康。为了评估空气污染的影响，需要污染物的空间明确信息。从局部到区域尺度，大气化学传输模型是估算污染物浓度和沉积的最佳选择。然而，从可用的区域和全球模型得出的浓度和沉积图通常以 10-50 公里的空间分辨率给出，并且不包含足够高空间分辨率（即 ≤ 5 公里 × 5 公里）的信息来识别风险和制定解决方案保护生态系统和人类健康。在这里，我们以 5 km × 5 km 的分辨率提供了伊比利亚半岛西部的氮 (N) 和硫 (S) 的沉积和浓度。由于更高的空间分辨率，新地图是对现有信息的重大改进。与测量值的比较表明 N 化合物的所有图都符合目的。伊比利亚西部的氮沉积范围为 3 至 38.6 kg N·ha−1·year−1，平均为 8.2 kg N·ha−1·year−1，其中减少的 N 形式的贡献更高（62%）。氧化形式的沉积主要在城市和工业区以及沿海地区盛行。根据降水模式，湿沉降的贡献略高于干沉降（55%），在北方更为重要。靠近排放源的干沉降量更高。由于它们的高空间分辨率，这些地图可用于政策制定以支持生态系统保护，通过识别因高氮沉积而面临更大风险的区域。