Pulsed dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (PDS) is a valuable method for determining biomolecular structures and their conformational changes during function. Often, this method is applied to paramagnetic metal ions that are either intrinsic co-factors of biomolecules or introduced into biomolecules as spin labels. Here, the key achievements and the remaining challenges of PDS on metal ions are summarized and critically discussed. The first part of the review describes the methodology of PDS experiments and the related data analysis for each of the biologically relevant paramagnetic metal centers. The second part highlights applications with the aim to give an idea about what kind of questions from structural biology can be answered by PDS-based distance measurements involving metal centers.

中文翻译：

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脉冲偶极EPR光谱学和金属离子：方法学和生物学应用。

脉冲偶极电子顺磁共振波谱（PDS）是确定生物分子结构及其功能变化的一种有价值的方法。通常，此方法适用于顺磁性金属离子，顺磁性金属离子要么是生物分子的固有辅助因子，要么作为自旋标记引入生物分子中。在此，总结并严格讨论了PDS在金属离子上的关键成就和尚存的挑战。审查的第一部分介绍了每个生物学相关的顺磁性金属中心的PDS实验方法和相关数据分析。第二部分重点介绍了应用程序，目的是给出一个构想，即涉及金属中心的基于PDS的距离测量可以回答什么样的结构生物学问题。