Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most important cause of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the prototype member of the JE serocomplex, belongs to the genus Flavivirus. The immunogenic proteins envelope (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of JEV are widely explored for the development of vaccines and diagnostics against JEV. However, there are underlying concerns such as the risk of reversion of live-attenuated vaccines to high virulence, the incomplete inactivation of pathogens in inactivated vaccines and partial vaccine coverage. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an efficient viral vaccine vector to express several human and animal immunogenic proteins. In the present study, we have developed a recombinant NDV (rNDV), individually expressing the E and NS1 proteins of JEV (rNDV-Ejev and rNDV-NS1jev). The recovered rNDV-Ejev and rNDV-NS1jev were characterized in 9-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs and in cell culture. The vaccination of rNDV-Ejev and rNDV-NS1jev showed effective immunity against JEV upon intranasal immunization in BALB/c mice. The rNDVs vaccination produced effective neutralization antibody titers against both NDV and JEV. The cytokine profiling of the vaccinated mice showed an effective Th1 and Th2 mediated immune response. The study also provided an insight that E, when used in combination with NS1 could reduce the efficacy of only E based immunization in mice. Our results suggested rNDV-Ejev to be a promising live viral vectored vaccine against JEV. This study implies an alternative and economical strategy for the development of a recombinant vaccine against JEV.

中文翻译：

---

使用重组新城疫病毒在小鼠中评估日本脑炎病毒E和NS1蛋白的免疫原性。

日本脑炎（JE）是急性脑炎综合症（AES）的最重要原因。日本脑炎病毒（JEV）是JE血清复合体的原型成员，属于黄病毒属。广泛探索了JEV的免疫原性蛋白包膜（E）和非结构蛋白1（NS1），以开发针对JEV的疫苗和诊断试剂。但是，存在一些潜在的问题，例如减毒活疫苗还原为高毒力的风险，灭活疫苗中病原体的不完全灭活和部分疫苗覆盖。新城疫病毒（NDV）是表达几种人类和动物免疫原性蛋白质的有效病毒疫苗载体。在本研究中，我们开发了重组NDV（rNDV），分别表达JEV的E和NS1蛋白（rNDV-Ejev和rNDV-NS1jev）。回收的rNDV-Ejev和rNDV-NS1jev在9天大的SPF胚胎鸡蛋和细胞培养物中进行了表征。rNDV-Ejev和rNDV-NS1jev的疫苗在BALB / c小鼠鼻内免疫后显示出对JEV的有效免疫力。rNDV疫苗接种产生了针对NDV和JEV的有效中和抗体滴度。接种小鼠的细胞因子谱显示有效的Th1和Th2介导的免疫反应。该研究还提供了一种见识，即E与NS1联合使用可能会降低仅基于E的免疫接种在小鼠中的功效。我们的结果表明，rNDV-Ejev是一种有前途的针对JEV的活病毒载体疫苗。这项研究意味着开发针对JEV的重组疫苗的另一种经济策略。