Abstract Evaluating and improving cropping systems is essential to reduce nitrate leaching, improve drinking water quality and prevent eutrophication. Since the intensity of nitrogen (N) leaching varies greatly spatially and is difficult to measure, crop models are useful tools to quantify the influence of climate, soil and agricultural practices on N leaching. Our objective was to develop a simple model with low input data and calibration requirements to predict nitrate leaching from a variety of crop fields over large areas, such as watersheds, for which data are often limited. The AqYield model is a simple model with few inputs that has estimated sufficiently well drainage and water flows for several crops and rotations. Based on this model, we developed AqYield-N, which considers the major N flows in the soil–plant system, including mineralization, plant uptake and leaching at a daily time step. The present study presents the development and formalisms of AqYield-N. We developed AqYield-N based on simple and robust formalisms and low requirements for input data and parameters. As much as possible, we used equations already published and validated in the scientific literature. We then evaluated AqYield-N using observed experimental N leaching data. Its estimates were satisfactory for three contrasting pedoclimatic situations and for various crops and bare soil. Although the model is simple and requires only a few inputs, it was as accurate as more complex crop models widely used and evaluated in the agronomic literature, such as STICS. The study demonstrated the potential of AqYield-N to estimate the influence of management practices on N leaching. AqYield-N, whether alone or integrated in larger-scale modeling approaches, can be used to predict leaching during crop rotations at field and large scale to evaluate the influence of various agroecological practices on N leaching.

中文翻译：

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AqYield-N：预测农田氮浸出的简单模型

摘要 评估和改进种植系统对于减少硝酸盐浸出、改善饮用水质量和防止富营养化至关重要。由于氮 (N) 浸出的强度在空间上变化很大且难以测量，因此作物模型是量化气候、土壤和农业实践对 N 浸出的影响的有用工具。我们的目标是开发一个具有低输入数据和校准要求的简单模型，以预测大面积（例如流域）的各种作物田的硝酸盐浸出，这些区域的数据通常是有限的。AqYield 模型是一个简单的模型，输入很少，已经估计了几种作物和轮作的足够良好的排水和水流量。基于这个模型，我们开发了 AqYield-N，它考虑了土壤 - 植物系统中的主要氮流，包括每天的矿化、植物吸收和浸出。本研究介绍了 AqYield-N 的发展和形式。我们基于简单而稳健的形式主义以及对输入数据和参数的低要求开发了 AqYield-N。我们尽可能使用已在科学文献中发表和验证的方程。然后我们使用观察到的实验 N 浸出数据评估 AqYield-N。它对三种不同的土壤气候情况以及各种作物和裸土的估计是令人满意的。尽管该模型很简单并且只需要很少的输入，但它与在农学文献中广泛使用和评估的更复杂的作物模型一样准确，例如 STICS。该研究证明了 AqYield-N 在评估管理实践对 N 浸出的影响方面的潜力。AqYield-N，