As star material, perovskites have been widely used in the fields of optics, photovoltaics, electronics, magnetics, catalysis, sensing, etc. However, some inherent shortcomings, such as low efficiency (power conversion efficiency, external quantum efficiency, etc.) and poor stability (against water, oxygen, ultraviolet light, etc.), limit their practical applications. Downsizing the materials into nanostructures and incorporating rare earth (RE) ions are effective means to improve their properties and broaden their applications. This review will systematically summarize the key points in the design, synthesis, property improvements and application expansion of RE-containing (including both RE-based and RE-doped) halide and oxide perovskite nanomaterials (PNMs). The critical factors of incorporating RE elements into different perovskite structures and the rational design of functional materials will be discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of different synthesis methods for PNMs will be reviewed. This paper will also summarize some practical experiences in selecting suitable RE elements and designing multi-functional materials according to the mechanisms and principles of REs promoting the properties of perovskites. At the end of this review, we will provide an outlook on the opportunities and challenges of RE-containing PNMs in various fields.

中文翻译：

---

含稀土钙钛矿纳米材料：设计，合成，性能和应用。

作为恒星材料，钙钛矿已广泛应用于光学，光伏，电子，磁性，催化，传感等领域。但是，存在一些固有的缺陷，例如效率低（功率转换效率，外部量子效率等）和稳定性差（对水，氧气，紫外线等），限制了它们的实际应用。将材料缩小为纳米结构并掺入稀土（RE）离子是改善其性能并扩展其应用的有效手段。这篇综述将系统地总结含稀土（包括稀土基和稀土掺杂）卤化物和氧化物钙钛矿纳米材料（PNMs）的设计，合成，性能改进和应用扩展的关键点。将详细讨论将稀土元素掺入不同钙钛矿结构中的关键因素以及功能材料的合理设计。将回顾不同合成方法对PNM的优缺点。本文还将总结一些实际经验，这些经验将根据稀土元素促进钙钛矿性能的机理和原理，选择合适的稀土元素和设计多功能材料。在本文的最后，我们将对含稀土的PNM在各个领域的机遇和挑战进行展望。本文还将总结一些实际经验，这些经验将根据稀土元素促进钙钛矿性能的机理和原理，选择合适的稀土元素和设计多功能材料。在本文的最后，我们将对含稀土的PNM在各个领域的机遇和挑战进行展望。本文还将总结一些实际经验，这些经验将根据稀土元素促进钙钛矿性能的机理和原理，选择合适的稀土元素和设计多功能材料。在本文的最后，我们将对含稀土的PNM在各个领域的机遇和挑战进行展望。