BACKGROUND The marine alga Ulva compressa is the dominant species in copper-polluted coastal areas in northern Chile. It has been shown that the alga tolerates micromolar concentrations of copper and accumulates copper at the intracellular level. Transcriptomic analyses were performed using total RNA of the alga cultivated with 10 μ M copper for 0, 1, 3 and 5 days using RNA-seq in order to identify processes involved in copper tolerance. RESULTS The levels of transcripts encoding proteins belonging to Light Harvesting Complex II (LHCII), photosystem II (PSII), cytochrome b6f, PSI, LHCI, ATP synthase and proteins involved in repair of PSII and protection of PSI were increased in the alga cultivated with copper. In addition, the level of transcripts encoding proteins of mitochondrial electron transport chain, ATP synthase, and enzymes involved in C, N and S assimilation were also enhanced. The higher percentages of increase in the level of transcripts were mainly observed at days 3 and 5. In contrast, transcripts involved protein synthesis and degradation, signal transduction, and replication and DNA repair, were decreased. In addition, net photosynthesis and respiration increased in the alga cultivated with copper, mainly at days 1 to 3. Furthermore, the activities of enzymes involved in C, N and S assimilation, rubisco, glutamine synthase and cysteine synthase, respectively, were also increased, mainly at days 1 and 3. CONCLUSIONS The marine alga U. compressa tolerates copper excess through a concomitant increase in expression of proteins involved in photosynthesis, respiration, and C, N and S assimilation, which represents an exceptional mechanism of copper tolerance.

中文翻译：

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铜诱导的Ulva compressa（Chlorophyta）的转录组分析显示，光合作用，呼吸作用以及C，N和S同化作用的伴随增加。

背景技术海藻Ulva compressa是智利北部铜污染沿海地区的优势种。已经显示藻类耐受铜的微摩尔浓度并且在细胞内水平上积累铜。使用RNA-seq使用10μM铜培养0、1、3和5天的藻类总RNA进行转录组分析，以鉴定参与铜耐受性的过程。结果在用C.O.S.培养的藻类中，编码光收集复合物II（LHCII），光系统II（PSII），细胞色素b6f，PSI，LHCI，ATP合酶的蛋白质和参与PSII修复和PSI保护的蛋白质的转录水平有所增加。铜。此外，编码线粒体电子传输链蛋白，ATP合酶和C涉及的酶的转录本水平，氮和硫的同化作用也得到增强。主要在第3天和第5天观察到转录物水平升高的百分比较高。相反，转录物涉及蛋白质合成和降解，信号转导以及复制和DNA修复，但均降低了。此外，主要在第1至3天，用铜栽培的藻类的净光合作用和呼吸作用增加。此外，分别参与C，N和S同化，rubisco，谷氨酰胺合酶和半胱氨酸合酶的酶的活性也增加。 ，主要在第1天和第3天。结论藻类海藻通过伴随光合作用，呼吸作用以及C，N和S同化的蛋白质表达同时增加来耐受铜过量，这代表了铜耐受性的特殊机制。