Abstract Recently, there have been significant efforts in the integration of in-situ and satellite observations for effective monitoring of coastal areas (e.g., the Copernicus program of the European Space Agency). In this study, a 15-year diurnal variation of Water Constituent Concentrations (WCCs) was retrieved from multi-sensor satellite images and in-situ hyperspectral measurements using Radiative Transfer (RT) modeling in the Dutch Wadden Sea. The existing RT model 2SeaColor was inverted against time series of in-situ hyperspectral measurements of water leaving reflectances (Rrs [sr−1]) for the simultaneous retrieval of WCCs (i.e., Chlorophyll-a (Chla), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM)) on a daily basis between 2003 and 2018 at the NIOZ jetty station (the NJS) located in the Dutch part of the Wadden Sea. At the same time, the existing coupled atmosphere-hydro-optical RT model MOD2SEA was used for the simultaneous retrieval of WCCs from time series of multi-sensor satellite images of the MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) onboard ENVISAT, Multispectral Instrument (MSI) onboard Sentinel-2 and Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) onboard Sentinel-3 between 2003 and 2018 over the Dutch Wadden Sea. At the NJS, a direct comparison (Taylor diagram and statistical analysis) showed strong agreement between in-situ and satellite-derived WCC values (Chla: R2 ≥ 0.70, RMSE ≤7.5 [mg m−3]; SPM: R2 ≥ 0.72, RMSE ≤5.5 [g m−3]; CDOM absorption at 440 nm: R2 ≥ 0.67, RMSE ≤1.7 [m−1]). Next, the plausibility of the spatial variation of retrieved WCCs over the study area was evaluated by generating maps of Chla [mg m−3], SPM [g m−3], and CDOM absorption at 440 nm [m−1] from MERIS and OLCI images using the MOD2SEA model. The integration of the spatio-temporal WCC data obtained from in-situ measurements and satellite images in this study finds applications for the detection of anomaly events and serves as a warning for management actions in the complex coastal waters of the Wadden Sea.

中文翻译：

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沿海地区长期水质监测的原位和多传感器卫星观测的整合

摘要 最近，在原位观测和卫星观测的整合以有效监测沿海地区方面做出了重大努力（例如，欧洲航天局的哥白尼计划）。在这项研究中，使用荷兰瓦登海的辐射传输 (RT) 建模，从多传感器卫星图像和原位高光谱测量中检索了水成分浓度 (WCC) 的 15 年日变化。将现有的 RT 模型 2SeaColor 与水离开反射率 (Rrs [sr-1]) 的原位高光谱测量时间序列进行反演，以同时检索 WCC（​​即叶绿素-a (Chla)、悬浮颗粒物 (SPM)） , 溶解有机物 (CDOM)) 在 2003 年至 2018 年期间每天在位于瓦登海荷兰部分的 NIOZ 码头站 (NJS) 进行。同时，利用现有的大气-水-光耦合RT模型MOD2SEA，从ENVISAT、Multispectral Instrument (MSI)机载中分辨率成像光谱仪(MERIS)的多传感器卫星图像时间序列中同时反演WCCs 2003 年至 2018 年在荷兰瓦登海上空的 Sentinel-2 和海洋和陆地颜色仪器 (OLCI) 上的 Sentinel-3。在 NJS，直接比较（泰勒图和统计分析）表明，原位和卫星得出的 WCC 值非常一致（Chla：R2 ≥ 0.70，RMSE ≤ 7.5 [mg m−3]；SPM：R2 ≥ 0.72， RMSE ≤5.5 [gm−3]；440 nm 处的 CDOM 吸收：R2 ≥ 0.67，RMSE ≤ 1.7 [m−1]）。接下来，通过生成 Chla [mg m-3]、SPM [g m-3]、和使用 MOD2SEA 模型的 MERIS 和 OLCI 图像在 440 nm [m-1] 处的 CDOM 吸收。在本研究中，从原位测量和卫星图像中获得的时空 WCC 数据的整合可用于检测异常事件，并作为瓦登海复杂沿海水域管理行动的警告。