In the near twenty-year existence of the human and mammalian artificial chromosome field, the technologies for artificial chromosome construction and installation into desired cell types or organisms have evolved with the rest of modern molecular and synthetic biology. Medical, industrial, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and basic research scientists seek the as yet unrealized promise of human and mammalian artificial chromosomes. Existing technologies for both top-down and bottom-up approaches to construct these artificial chromosomes for use in higher eukaryotes are very different but aspire to achieve similar results. New capacity for production of chromosome sized synthetic DNA will likely shift the field towards more bottom-up approaches, but not completely. Similarly, new approaches to install human and mammalian artificial chromosomes in target cells will compete with the microcell mediated cell transfer methods that currently dominate the field.

中文翻译：

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用于构建和转移哺乳动物染色体的技术。

在人类和哺乳动物的人工染色体领域近二十年来，随着现代分子生物学和合成生物学的发展，用于人工染色体构建和安装到所需细胞类型或生物体中的技术已经得到了发展。医学，工业，制药，农业和基础研究科学家寻求人类和哺乳动物人工染色体尚未实现的希望。自上而下和自下而上的方法来构建这些用于高等真核生物的人工染色体的现有技术有很大的不同，但都希望获得类似的结果。产生染色体大小的合成DNA的新能力将使该领域朝着更自下而上的方法发展，但并非完全如此。同样，