Two of the key requirements in micro-hybrid vehicles are the reduction of CO emissions alongside extended fuel savings. These goals are being accomplished by the usage of start-stop-systems, electric boosting while accelerating and recuperation of kinetic energy during braking phases. The latter one is predominantly limited by the charge acceptance of conventional lead-acid starter batteries. Thus, sophisticated power nets are being developed and a new 48 V voltage level has been established in the last years. In comparison to the standard 12 V grid, this new level is characterized by high power capability in order to accept high charging currents during recuperative braking and also provides high discharge currents for boosting.

中文翻译：

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电池管理系统中高功率钛酸锂电池建模的挑战

微混合动力汽车的两个关键要求是减少二氧化碳排放以及进一步节省燃料。这些目标是通过使用启停系统、加速时的电动助力以及制动阶段的动能回收来实现的。后者主要受到传统铅酸起动电池的充电接受能力的限制。因此，复杂的电力网络正在开发中，并且在过去几年中已经建立了新的 48 V 电压水平。与标准 12 V 电网相比，这一新级别的特点是高功率能力，以便在恢复制动期间接受高充电电流，并提供高放电电流进行升压。