The carriage of two important pathogens of pigs, that is enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Clostridioides difficile, was investigated in 104 cloacal samples from wild griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) fed on pig carcasses at supplementary feeding stations (SFS), along with their level of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). E. coli was isolated from 90 (86.5%) samples, but no ETEC was detected, likely because ETEC fimbriae confer the species specificity of the pathogen. Resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent was detected in 89.9% of E. coli isolates, with AMR levels being extremely high (>70%) for tetracycline and streptomycin and very high (>50%) for ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Resistance to other critically important antimicrobials such as colistin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins was 2.2% and 1.1%, respectively, and was encoded by the mcr-1 and blaSHV-12 genes. Multidrug resistance was displayed by 80% of the resistant E. coli, and blaSHV-12 gene shared plasmid with other AMR genes. In general, resistance patterns in E. coli from vultures mirrored those found in pigs. Clostridioides difficile was detected in three samples (2.9%); two of them belonged to PCR ribotype 078 and one to PCR ribotype 126, both commonly found in pigs. All C. difficile isolates were characterized by a moderate-to-high level of resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides but susceptible to metronidazole or vancomycin, similar to what is usually found in C. difficile isolates from pigs. Thus, vultures may contribute somewhat to the environmental dissemination of some pig pathogens through their acquisition from pig carcasses and, more importantly, of AMR for antibiotics of critical importance for humans. However, the role of vultures would likely be much lesser than that of disposing pig carcasses at the SFS. The monitoring of AMR, and particularly of colistin-resistant and ESBL-producing E. coli, should be considered in pig farms used as sources of carcasses for SFS.

中文翻译：

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在辅助饲养站饲养的野生g（Gyps fulvus）：潜在的猪病原体携带者和源自猪的抗药性？

在104个补充饲喂站（SFS）饲喂猪cas体的野生狮riff（Gyps fulvus）的泄殖腔样本中，研究了猪的两种重要病原体，即肠毒素大肠杆菌（ETEC）和艰难梭菌（Clostridioides difficile）的运输。抗菌素耐药性（AMR）水平。从90个样本（86.5％）中分离出大肠杆菌，但未检测到ETEC，这可能是因为ETEC菌毛赋予了病原菌的物种特异性。在89.9％的大肠杆菌分离物中检测到对至少一种抗菌剂的耐药性，四环素和链霉素的AMR含量极高（> 70％），氨苄西林和磺胺甲恶唑-甲氧苄氨嘧啶的AMR含量极高（> 50％）。对其他至关重要的抗微生物药（例如大肠菌素和广谱头孢菌素）的耐药性分别为2.2％和1.1％，分别由mcr-1和blaSHV-12基因编码。80％的耐药大肠杆菌表现出多药耐药性，blaSHV-12基因与其他AMR基因共享质粒。通常，秃鹰在大肠杆菌中的耐药模式与猪的耐药模式相同。在三个样品（2.9％）中检测到艰难梭菌。其中两个属于PCR核糖型078，一个属于PCR核糖型126，两者均常见于猪。所有艰难梭菌分离株的特征是对氟喹诺酮类和大环内酯类药物具有中等至高水平的抗药性，但对甲硝唑或万古霉素敏感，这与从猪中艰难梭菌分离株中常见的相似。因此，秃鹰可能通过从猪car体中获取某些病原体而在环境中传播某些病原体，更重要的是，AMR对人类至关重要的抗生素。但是，秃鹰的作用可能要比在SFS处放猪尸体的作用要小得多。在用作SFS屠体来源的养猪场中，应考虑对AMR进行监测，尤其是对大肠菌素耐药和产生ESBL的大肠杆菌。