Lagoon systems are more heavily impacted by hurricanes, whereas the relevant storm surge modeling studies have been paid little attention to lagoon systems and the storm-induced exchange in lagoon systems is even less understood. To address this gap, a three-dimensional unstructured grid-based model was configured for the Maryland Coastal Bays, a typical lagoon system with two unique inlets (Ocean City Inlet (OCI) and Chincoteague Inlet (CI)), to investigate how Hurricane Sandy impacted inlet dynamics. A nesting model framework was applied to provide the necessary remote forcing from a large model domain and maintain the intricate shoreline and bathymetry of an inner model domain. Results indicated that the flux patterns varied in response to the change in wind direction and rising/falling high water levels from the coastal ocean, rather than a single flow pattern during the passage of Sandy. From October 29 05:00 to 17:00 UTC, mild (> 10 m/s) and strong (> 15 m/s) northerly winds accompanied by the rising high water level from the coastal ocean promoted a mean inflow pattern at the OCI and a mean outflow pattern at the CI. Strong southwesterly winds (> 15 m/s) dominated in the bays from October 30 03:00 to 15:00 UTC. Under strong southwesterly winds and falling high water levels from the coastal ocean, flux was transported landward at the CI and seaward at the OCI. Sensitivity experiments on various storm temporal scales showed that a net inflow pattern occurred in the bays, and the net exchange amounts became smaller in response to longer storm durations. Residual effect of relatively high river flow from Sandy could still influence the salinity at the OCI, whereas the CI salinity was not affected by river flow owing to a long distance between the CI and river locations.

泻湖系统受飓风的影响更大，而相关的风暴潮建模研究很少关注泻湖系统，而且对泻湖系统中由风暴引起的交换的了解甚至更少。为了解决这一差距，为马里兰州沿海海湾配置了一个基于三维非结构化网格的模型，这是一个典型的泻湖系统，具有两个独特的入口（海洋城入口（OCI）和钦科蒂格入口（CI）），以研究飓风桑迪影响进口动力学。嵌套模型框架被应用于从大型模型域提供必要的远程强制，并维护内部模型域的复杂海岸线和测深。结果表明，通量模式随风向的变化以及沿海海洋高水位的上升/下降而变化，而不是桑迪通过期间的单一流动模式。从10月29日05:00到17:00 UTC，温和的（> 10 m / s）和强的（> 15 m / s）的北风伴随着沿海海洋高水位的上升，促进了OCI的平均入流方式CI的平均流出模式。从10月30日03:00到15:00 UTC，海湾中主要是强西南风（> 15 m / s）。在强西南风和沿海海洋高水位下降的情况下，通量在CI处向陆输送，在OCI处向海输送。在各种风暴时间尺度上的敏感性实验表明，海湾中出现了净流入模式，并且随着更长的风暴持续时间，净交换量变小了。来自桑迪的较高河流流量的残留效应仍可能影响OCI的盐度，